OT: Bush Thugs Rough Up Grieving Mother of KIA

I read in sci.electronics.design that Fred Bloggs <nospam@nospam.com>
wrote (in <4154C8B9.5020409@nospam.com>) about '[OT]: The not-so-
democratic Democrats', on Sat, 25 Sep 2004:

something along the lines of US intelligence is not
to be used to make decisions,
Well, it's a very scarce commodity. Best not to use it up too quickly.
--
Regards, John Woodgate, OOO - Own Opinions Only.
The good news is that nothing is compulsory.
The bad news is that everything is prohibited.
http://www.jmwa.demon.co.uk Also see http://www.isce.org.uk
 
I read in sci.electronics.design that YD <yd.techHAT@techie.com> wrote
(in <0op9l05nbdbi04ouv0ur6svh6ucdm16lfk@4ax.com>) about 'triumph and
tragedy, almost', on Sat, 25 Sep 2004:
On Thu, 23 Sep 2004 20:16:32 +0100, John Woodgate
jmw@jmwa.demon.contraspam.yuk> wrote:

I read in sci.electronics.design that John Larkin <jjlarkin@highSNIPland
THIStechPLEASEnology.com> wrote (in <lu06l0dofp4i4n4b75eimapasop71kiloj@
4ax.com>) about 'triumph and tragedy, almost', on Thu, 23 Sep 2004:

http://www.jeol.com/nmr/mag_view/magnet_destruction.html

I can get to the site and read the text, but I can't see any links to
pictures. This could be important, because I have a problem accessing a
download facility on a site that is very significant business-wise. What
should I be seeing on the site? I see no links, not even if I scan over
the black text looking for cursor changes.

The links to the larger pictures are in the thumbnails. What kind of
problem are you having. Have you tried other browsers? I did just fine
with Mozilla Firefox, so I won't bother firing up any of the other
browsers.

I've tried both IE6 and Mozilla, and there are no thumbnails visible.
Preferences are set to accept graphics. Strange.
--
Regards, John Woodgate, OOO - Own Opinions Only.
The good news is that nothing is compulsory.
The bad news is that everything is prohibited.
http://www.jmwa.demon.co.uk Also see http://www.isce.org.uk
 
I read in sci.electronics.design that Product developer
<jdurban@vorel.com> wrote (in <118afaeb.0409242258.2679058c@posting.goog
le.com>) about 'OT: Kerry Has 45 Pt Lead Among US Jews', on Fri, 24 Sep
2004:
attacking a president that
had the courage and steely resolve to make decisions that no weak-kneed
democrat could ever muster.
You mean that JFK was a Republican? I never knew that.
--
Regards, John Woodgate, OOO - Own Opinions Only.
The good news is that nothing is compulsory.
The bad news is that everything is prohibited.
http://www.jmwa.demon.co.uk Also see http://www.isce.org.uk
 
Guy Macon wrote:
Jonathan Kirwan <jkirwan@easystreet.com> says...

Guy Macon <http://www.guymacon.com> wrote:

To put it simply and to help me to avoid error, is it or is it not
possible to determine the exact position and the exact velocity of
a single subatomic particle at a particular point in time?

(Very useful background info snipped)

Imagine being asked to measure the exact point in time of a signal
and, at the same time, being asked to measure the exact frequency
of the same arbitrary signal. It simply wouldn't make any sense.

...

Can you measure these both so that they are each arbitrarily tiny
for the same signal? I don't think so. And it wouldn't make any
sense to ask.

Likewise, I fear your question isn't meaningful.

That lines up with my understanding. I can readily accept that
Heisenberg might have been wrong on some details, but as far
as I can tell, all experts agree that it not possible to determine
the exact position and the exact velocity of a single subatomic
particle at a particular point in time.

My conclusion from this is that it is also impossible to determine
the exact positions and the exact velocities of a collection of
subatomic particles at a particular point in time, and thus
impossible to predict their future positions and velocities in a
deterministic fashion.

I am, of course, completely open to being corrected. This is not my
field of expertise and I am relying on what I hear from various
experts, with the usual possibility that I am not "getting it."
You aint getting it. With all due respect, to Jonathan, although I am no
where near an expert in physics, it would seem that I am the most
formally qualified in this subject in this thread, so it would seem
*resonable* that I should have the best understanding.

I will even explain where the HUP is derived from.

Consider a random signal. It has a spectrum in the timme domain f(t),
i.e. a shape. Take the fourier transform of that signal g(w). The
transform has a spectrum, i.e. a shape.

Now calculate the standard deviation of f(t), sigma_t, and take the
standard deviation of g(w), sigma_f. It can be shown as a pure
mathematical resuult that for *any* f(t):

sigma_t * sigma_f >= 1/2

It can be shown that the minimum value of this is for a gaussian pulse,
in which case the 1/2 is reached. It is the above relation that is
fundamental as to why one has difficulty in transferring fast
information through a low BW filter. A narrow time location inherently
means a large frequency spread.

QM introduces *axioms* that equates momentum to the Fourier Transform of
position. Therefore the *standard deviations* of position and momentum
become related. Individual measurements of position and momentum are not
addressed by HUP.


Kevin Aylward
salesEXTRACT@anasoft.co.uk
http://www.anasoft.co.uk
SuperSpice, a very affordable Mixed-Mode
Windows Simulator with Schematic Capture,
Waveform Display, FFT's and Filter Design.
 
Guy Macon wrote:
John Woodgate <jmw@jmwa.demon.contraspam.yuk> says...

The Uncertainty Principle still exists but it DOESN'T mean
quite what Heisenberg thought it did.

Thanks! Good information there.

To put it simply and to help me to avoid error, is it or is it not
possible to determine the exact position and the exact velocity of
a single subatomic particle at a particular point in time?
I have already answered this . The answer is that you can determine to
at least two orders better than what a naive application of HUP would
naively indicates. I referenced you an actual peer reviews and published
experiment, by PhD qualified physicists. I will quote it for the last
time:

***************
2Ballentine "Quantum Mechanics, A Modern development" P. 225-226

"Jauch (1993). The rms atomic momentum fluctuation, delta_p is directly
obtained from the temperature of the crystal, and hence gives a lower
bound to delta_q, the rms vibration amplitude of an atom. The value of
delta_x can be measured by neutron diffraction, and at low temperature
it is only slightly above its quantum lower bound, hbar/2delta_p. Jauch
stresses that it is only the rms ensemble fluctuations that are limited
by (8.33). The position coordinates of the atomic cell can be determined
with a precision that is two orders of magnitude smaller then the
quantum limit on delta_q".

Jauch (1993) - Heisenberg's Uncertainty Relation and Thermal Vibrations
in Crystals, Am. J. Phys. 61, 929-932
*********************

Go and look it up in the journal if you like.


Kevin Aylward
salesEXTRACT@anasoft.co.uk
http://www.anasoft.co.uk
SuperSpice, a very affordable Mixed-Mode
Windows Simulator with Schematic Capture,
Waveform Display, FFT's and Filter Design.
 
Gouardo.Pat wrote:
Hello,

While working abroad, I purchased 4 years ago the latest update of
Electronic Design Studio 2 from the UK based company Quickroute
Systems.

I never used this software and 2 weeks ago, I loaded it in y computer
for a project but could not because the software request a floppy to
unlock the system.
I still have the dongle but I have misplaced this floppy in the move.

I contacted the compagny with copy of my invoice but no reply and it
look like it is impossible to connect the web site and I ad no answer
to the E-Mail I send.

Do you know who took over this organisation and the new address.
How to get this system working or I have lost more than 300 British
Pound in that stupid type of protection.

I am a proper customer who has pay the normal price to acquire this
product legally and like to be able to use it.
They are out of business.

Kevin Aylward
salesEXTRACT@anasoft.co.uk
http://www.anasoft.co.uk
SuperSpice, a very affordable Mixed-Mode
Windows Simulator with Schematic Capture,
Waveform Display, FFT's and Filter Design.
 
John Woodgate wrote:
I read in sci.electronics.design that Guy Macon <http@?.guymacon.com
wrote (in <10l93093t6tcr5e@news.supernews.com>) about 'Ping Kevin
Aylward - re GU...', on Fri, 24 Sep 2004:

John Woodgate <jmw@jmwa.demon.contraspam.yuk> says...

The Uncertainty Principle still exists but it DOESN'T mean
quite what Heisenberg thought it did.

Thanks! Good information there.

To put it simply and to help me to avoid error, is it or is it not
possible to determine the exact position and the exact velocity of
a single subatomic particle at a particular point in time?



No, pedantically, because you used the word 'exact'. All measurements
are subject to 'uncertainty' - a technical term referring to things
like errors and lack of infinite precision in the measuring
instruments.

But It IS possible to determine both position and velocity more
precisely that the UP stipulates. Kevin gave some references. The UP
applies to the results of a large number of measurements.

And subsequently, addresses the *prediction* of new positions and
momentums. This is the crux of QM.

Even if we knew the exact position and momentum, of a particle at a
point in time. Its new position and momentum at a later time can only be
predicted within the limits of HUP. That is, its position and momentum
will be within n.standards deviations with a probability. That is, the
new position and momentum is not directly causal to its prior position.
It is as if the universe has imparted a random background noise onto the
particle, which according to ZPE idea, is what is actually happening.

Kevin Aylward
salesEXTRACT@anasoft.co.uk
http://www.anasoft.co.uk
SuperSpice, a very affordable Mixed-Mode
Windows Simulator with Schematic Capture,
Waveform Display, FFT's and Filter Design.
 
"Leroy Tanner" <ikeepthespiritalive@freenet.de> wrote:

Hello newsreaders,

For a while I have been confronted with the following task which I find
quite challenging but unfortuantely didn't manage to solve it, yet.
What I want to do is to use 2-4 FPGAs (Xilinx Virtex 2 Pro) together on one
printed circuit board (PCB). They are used to process a large amount of
incoming serial data (data rates of several GHz's). My idea is to handle
that data parallel by the 2-4 FPGAs. But now there arises the problem how to
adequately split the data and how to synchronize the FPGAs among one
another, in particular?
Is it possible or first of all a realistic idea to synchronize multiple
FPGAs in the GHz range? How can this be done without much protocoll
overhead? I would like to do it without applying an extra transfer protocoll
among the FPGAs just for that purpose! Up to this date I didn't find a
proper solution, yet.
Maybe someone can give me a hint? Any ideas how to solve that problem?
Xilinx has some appnotes on this. If memory serves me well, there are
CLKDLLs in the Xilinx FPGA. These make sure the internal clock is in
sync with an external clock. If you apply the same external clock to
all FPGAs (with the same phase), you should be safe. Look for some
CLKDLL appnotes on the Xilinx website.

--
Reply to nico@nctdevpuntnl (punt=.)
Bedrijven en winkels vindt U op www.adresboekje.nl
 
John Larkin wrote:
On Fri, 24 Sep 2004 18:56:21 +0200, Rene Tschaggelar <none@none.net
wrote:


Phil Hobbs wrote:

No, it's 1 mW peak--I'm just sticking a single mode fibre behind a ND
2.5 filter, right in the unfocused beam. The actual laser peak laser
power is more like 10 MW. Fibre optics works great when your optical
pulses are only a quarter of an inch long.

My rep rate is only 20 Hz, and the flashlamp jitter is probably hundreds
of nanoseconds, so I have to synchronize on each pulse separately.

The MAR-3 has a low, resistive input impedance, and the photocurrent
pulse is unipolar and has a very low duty cycle, so the net effect is
very nearly identical to capacitive coupling (within 1 part in 10**10).
Adding additional components on the input would just have added stray
capacitive loading without changing anything.

Interesting that you get some signal at all from 1mWpk.
And with a straight input to a MAR3

1 mW is a huge optical signal! It will get you 0.5 mA or better from
most any pin diode.
That'd be 25mV into 50 Ohms. We're getting far less,
or at least that I measure.
When I'm lucky, I get 3mVpk from 1mW average. Well,
the diode is held into a reflex from a crystal or into the
leakage from a mirror. While the leak of 1mW may be 4mm in
diameter, the diode is not that big. The diode doesn't have
the bandwidth of the pulse and acts as integrator.
Then the dutycycle of the pulses is in the order of 10^-4.
And there are 2m of cable between the sensor and the
amplifier electronics.


Rene
 
Paul Taylor wrote:

Hi All,

Anyone know how you go about calculating the component ratings (not
values) for use in RF PA low pass filters as I would like to design
some filters for low power (5 watts) HF use using surface mount
components.

I guess you could take worse case operating conditions ie open or
short circuit load providing a full reflection and then perform some
kind of nodal analysis but not sure.

Any help would be much appreciatted as relevant info seems very sparse
or havn't I looked hard enough.
The power rating is dependent on the components.
Usually when they become saturated or nonlinear
or simply too hot.
Capacitors have a max voltage and possibly a max
current rating. Likewise the inductors.

Another point may be the heat dissipation in those
components. That'd need extensive modelling plus a
few measurements.

Rene
--
Ing.Buero R.Tschaggelar - http://www.ibrtses.com
& commercial newsgroups - http://www.talkto.net
 
Asa Cannell wrote:

I am trying to design a transimpedance circuit for very high
sensitivity. I have pulled a circuit directly out of the OPA129
datasheet. Its a basic transimpedance configuration using a 1Gohm
resistor for feedback. I have built the circuit and am very impressed
by how sensitive it is. However, it is useless in any kind of ambient
light whether static (sunlight) or dynamic (flourescents at 60hz). I
need a way to block low frequency (DC to 60Hz) signals.

I thought about putting an inductor in the feedback loop, but I don't
think they make inductors with an impedance equal to a 1Gohm resistor
at around 1khz.

I tried putting a capacitor in series with the input, and this blocks
DC, but the photodiode will easily saturate in sunlight or other
static light sources.

I was thinking there might be some way to make a bandpass
transimpedance amplifier and maintain my 1Gohm feedback resistance,
without using inductors. Anyone done this?

I am using this for outdoors flouroscopy (of oil), it will be facing
concrete and/or fairly level water in bright sunlight, so it needs to
be very immune to strong DC signals.

The signal will be at ~1khz. (its a pulsed uv light)
The whole setup is called lock-in and is based on extremely
high gain for the ~1khz. Meaning you rather have multiple
filter stages, ahem bandpass filters with 1kHz passband
each. Make sure, the ~1khz are stable and accurate and
you can narrow the noise with steep filters. A common
Q value for the ~1khz bandpass of 1000 up seems reasonable.

A common practise in physics, BTW.

Rene
--
Ing.Buero R.Tschaggelar - http://www.ibrtses.com
& commercial newsgroups - http://www.talkto.net
 
On Sat, 25 Sep 2004 13:38:51 +0200, Rene Tschaggelar <none@none.net>
wrote:

Paul Taylor wrote:

Hi All,

Anyone know how you go about calculating the component ratings (not
values) for use in RF PA low pass filters as I would like to design
some filters for low power (5 watts) HF use using surface mount
components.

I guess you could take worse case operating conditions ie open or
short circuit load providing a full reflection and then perform some
kind of nodal analysis but not sure.

Any help would be much appreciatted as relevant info seems very sparse
or havn't I looked hard enough.

The power rating is dependent on the components.
Usually when they become saturated or nonlinear
or simply too hot.
Capacitors have a max voltage and possibly a max
current rating. Likewise the inductors.

Another point may be the heat dissipation in those
components. That'd need extensive modelling plus a
few measurements.
Is it possible to get SM components suitable for HF?? I've built
several filters for that band and they all tend to be on the **large**
side.
--

"What is now proved was once only imagin'd." - William Blake, 1793.
 
kevin@unseen.org (Kevin Walton) wrote:

Hi

I have purchased a couple of Lascar Digital Panel Meters, see the data
sheet here:

http://www.lascarelectronics.com/data/pdf/V%20125.pdf

http://www.lascarelectronics.com/PRODUCTS.CFM?STOCKNO=V%20125&CFID=1412915&CFTOKEN=65281098#

I was trying to treat them as a standard analog meter, at 200mv FSD
and a 2v max input signal, simply a 10:1 resistor network to achieve
the result I needed. However, I didn't realise the confusion that the
supply voltage would cause, issues with a single ended supply etc.
Basically I have played with them for hours and am now very confused!

My application is measuring the RSSI signal from an LPRS radio module,
powering the panel meter from the same supply as the module. The LPRS
module uses 0v and 5v direct from the USB, I have made up a double
circuit (using a step up reg) which gives me 0v and 10v for the
module.
The spec says inputs must be no closer to the supply rails than 1v. Your
input is almost at the -v supply rail.

Simplest solution would be to change your voltage doubling supply circuit
for a voltage inverting circuit and run the meter from + and - 5v supplies.
 
In article <XfMgxoC379UBFwtL@jmwa.demon.co.uk>,
John Woodgate <jmw@jmwa.demon.contraspam.yuk> wrote:

The question is, 'Do I want to spend GBP150, considering that I
have AutoSketch?' Decisions, decisions!
I don't use Autosketch, but know a man who does.
AFAIK his big problem is the difficulty with
importing/exporting dwgs to other dwg packages.

--
Tony Williams.
 
In article <cab8l0hd32s4cn779fa4cvcgd8tobkgqip@4ax.com>,
Terry Pinnell <terrypinDELETE@THESEdial.pipex.com> wrote:

Hope I wasn't partially to blame! Your post reminded me I'd
written reviews of v5 for PC Plus and What PC in May '98. Looking
them up, I see I wasn't particularly critical in either <g>.
Yes, it's all your fault Terry. :)

--
Tony Williams.
 
Product developer wrote:

More of your smug pronouncements:

You have likely reached the point where you realize that your
opponent is an empty headed, cut and paste artist with no
intellectually held beliefs or core values, just a hatred for Bush.
Yep- just yapping away with more weak little unsubstantiated
pronouncements from a poorly functioning brain with arrested development...

They are like frustrated little children lashing out at a concocted
enemy when the enemy is within.
Oooh yeah- man, are you a deep psychoanalyst now...

It is amazing that their own undeniable frustration with there own
failures and shortcomings can manifest into attacking a president
that had the courage and steely resolve to make decisions that no
weak-kneed democrat could ever muster.


Kerry and other neo-socialists will not only be soundly defeated this
November but the democrat party as we know it today will likely
never be able to get to the Whitehouse or control congress as long as
it continues to produce unelectable and unlikeable candidates.
Then you demonstrate that you are the worthless fraud that you criticize.
Is that "unlikeable" you say about Kerry? Awww- you don't like him? You
call that "intellectually held beliefs or core values"? Pathetic little
pretentious vermin!


If national security remains a top priority there's no end in sight
for republicans controlling the executive branch as well as congress.


Wishy-washy empty suit candidates...
Wishy-washy? There's an exacting description...

like Kerry, supported by shrill lap
dogs...
shrill lap dogs?- there ya' go again

without any core beliefs or historical perspective of their own, are
only expediting their party's extinction.
Oooh- you sound so strong when you use words with more than three syllables.

There is a reason why this country is shifting to the right. Just a
glance at the cast of characters running the party and Kerry's
campaign is enough to warrant a shower and a lice treatment.
Ooooh yeah- look at all the substance to that rationale you offer. Soooo
deep and full of real solid information!

Take a look at your post! As screaming airhead with just one hot-air bag
assertion after another, and not the slightest hint of a statistical
substantiation...pathetic really.

You can go ahead and give yourself all the titles in the world, product
developer, but it's clear you're just weak minded, underdeveloped,
unsophisticated, pretentious idiot with no capacity for detail or
synthesis of information.
 
John Woodgate wrote:
I read in sci.electronics.design that Product developer
jdurban@vorel.com> wrote (in <118afaeb.0409242258.2679058c@posting.goog
le.com>) about 'OT: Kerry Has 45 Pt Lead Among US Jews', on Fri, 24 Sep
2004:

attacking a president that
had the courage and steely resolve to make decisions that no weak-kneed
democrat could ever muster.


You mean that JFK was a Republican? I never knew that.
Well he is right about Bush having "stealy" resolve- no dispute over that.
 
On Sat, 25 Sep 2004 07:40:33 +0100, John Woodgate
<jmw@jmwa.demon.contraspam.yuk> wrote:

I read in sci.electronics.design that YD <yd.techHAT@techie.com> wrote
(in <0op9l05nbdbi04ouv0ur6svh6ucdm16lfk@4ax.com>) about 'triumph and
tragedy, almost', on Sat, 25 Sep 2004:
On Thu, 23 Sep 2004 20:16:32 +0100, John Woodgate
jmw@jmwa.demon.contraspam.yuk> wrote:

I read in sci.electronics.design that John Larkin <jjlarkin@highSNIPland
THIStechPLEASEnology.com> wrote (in <lu06l0dofp4i4n4b75eimapasop71kiloj@
4ax.com>) about 'triumph and tragedy, almost', on Thu, 23 Sep 2004:

http://www.jeol.com/nmr/mag_view/magnet_destruction.html

I can get to the site and read the text, but I can't see any links to
pictures. This could be important, because I have a problem accessing a
download facility on a site that is very significant business-wise. What
should I be seeing on the site? I see no links, not even if I scan over
the black text looking for cursor changes.

The links to the larger pictures are in the thumbnails. What kind of
problem are you having. Have you tried other browsers? I did just fine
with Mozilla Firefox, so I won't bother firing up any of the other
browsers.

I've tried both IE6 and Mozilla, and there are no thumbnails visible.
Preferences are set to accept graphics. Strange.
Very odd. I tried it with Opera 7.1 and NS 4.8, both worked fine even
when disabling javascript and stylesheets. Looked a bit crappy but
worked. I'll ask around a bit but first I'd like to know a couple of
things. Are these the only two sites giving you this problem? Do you
see that little "missing graphic" icon in the left column? Is the text
formatted in a column at the right or does it go across the whole
window? Whatever else you can think of.

- YD.

--
Remove HAT if replying by mail.
 
Rene Tschaggelar wrote:
John Larkin wrote:

On Fri, 24 Sep 2004 18:56:21 +0200, Rene Tschaggelar <none@none.net
wrote:


Phil Hobbs wrote:

No, it's 1 mW peak--I'm just sticking a single mode fibre behind a
ND 2.5 filter, right in the unfocused beam. The actual laser peak
laser power is more like 10 MW. Fibre optics works great when your
optical pulses are only a quarter of an inch long.

My rep rate is only 20 Hz, and the flashlamp jitter is probably
hundreds of nanoseconds, so I have to synchronize on each pulse
separately.

The MAR-3 has a low, resistive input impedance, and the photocurrent
pulse is unipolar and has a very low duty cycle, so the net effect
is very nearly identical to capacitive coupling (within 1 part in
10**10). Adding additional components on the input would just have
added stray capacitive loading without changing anything.


Interesting that you get some signal at all from 1mWpk.
And with a straight input to a MAR3

1 mW is a huge optical signal! It will get you 0.5 mA or better from
most any pin diode.


That'd be 25mV into 50 Ohms. We're getting far less,
or at least that I measure.
When I'm lucky, I get 3mVpk from 1mW average. Well,
the diode is held into a reflex from a crystal or into the
leakage from a mirror. While the leak of 1mW may be 4mm in
diameter, the diode is not that big. The diode doesn't have
the bandwidth of the pulse and acts as integrator.
Then the dutycycle of the pulses is in the order of 10^-4.
And there are 2m of cable between the sensor and the
amplifier electronics.
Rene,

The responsivity of a good photodiode is on the order of 1A/W, depending on
wavelength--at 1.24 um, the energy of 1 photon is 1 eV, so 1W equals 1A of
photocurrent if the quantum efficiency is 1.0. My 1 mW pulses at 1.55 um
produce about 800 uA of peak photocurrent, because there's no antireflection
coating on the photodiode I'm using. There's definitely some buried treasure
in your setup.

Using a photodiode as an integrator for the pulse is usually a bad idea,
unless the pulse energy is small--the local carrier concentration goes so
high that all the carriers recombine before having a chance to separate, and
the response becomes very nonlinear.

A small integrating sphere is a much better method for stretching the pulse
out--you can get on the order of 50% photon efficiency if you're careful, and
the pulse will be stretched out to about 30*(sphere diameter)/c, which can
easily be several nanoseconds even with a very small sphere.

I've seen people use silicon PDs with long-wavelength lasers e.g.
CO2--running them in forward bias, and detecting the change in forward
voltage with laser power, but that's the only way I know to get sensitivities
as low as you're reporting.

Cheers,

Phil Hobbs
 
On Friday 24 September 2004 11:58 pm, Product developer did deign to grace
us with the following:

You have likely reached the point where you realize that your opponent
is an empty headed, cut and paste artist with no intellectually held
beliefs or core values, just a hatred for Bush. There are a small
handful of Kerry voter clones here that have no understanding of
history,government, the military, world affairs, honor, or dignity
outside of what is made available on left wing kook websites.
Are you trying to claim that Bush and his cronies have anything
remotely resembling honor or dignity?

Then, my friend, you are seriously deceived.

Thank you very much.
Rich
 

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