audio recording on IC -help wanted

[Phil Allison]

"Floyd FUCKING LIAR Davidson"

I can assure you it ain't as simple as you suspect to get a hum free and
distortion free result.

BS. It is *very* simple. Every simple (or complex)
telephone for a hundred years or so has been doing the
exact same thing!

** Totally wrong comparison to the interfacing issue here.

FUCKWIT !!

It has worked for roughly 100 years,

** Wrong context - you FUCKWIT IMBECILE

PC sound cards and small recorders are not 100 years old !!

YOU FUCKING ASININE LYING IDIOT !!!

** The "level" control generally often comes post the AGC circuit -

YOU ASININE BULSHITTING FUCKWIT !!

There is no "level control". I said, "to set
levels"... which is done by various means, such as
designing the right loss into pads, etc.

** Funny how exactly that was in the next para of my post.

YOU FUCKING ASININE LYING IDIOT !!!

Why not use a properly designed pad, with the correct
impedance?

** Cos that will NOT have the required CMMR to eliminate all trace of
hum
NOR be safe to use.

You LYING FUCKWIT !

You have that backwards. If you use a properly designed
pad with the correct impedance it will maximized common
mode rejection of induced currents.

** That will *NOT* have the required CMMR to eliminate all trace of hum
NOR be safe to use.

YOU FUCKING ASININE LYING IDIOT !!!

Go DROP DEAD !!!




...... Phil

 

[Eric in North TX]

On Feb 20, 8:27 am, DerbyDad03 <teamarr...@eznet.net> wrote:

On Feb 20, 8:28 am, "hall...@aol.com" <hall...@aol.com> wrote:



On Feb 20, 8:25�am, Eric in North TX <tine...@gmail.com> wrote:

On Feb 19, 11:18 pm, William Miller <protot...@usa.net> wrote:

WANTED: used/defective Sharp microwave control panels (R15## & R140#
models preferred)

While I will consider MOST ANY Sharp model, I am most interested in
these part & model numbers:

ďż˝- CPWBFB069MRU0 models R1405 & R1406

ďż˝- CPWBFB075MRU0 models R1500 R1501 R1502 R1502LK R1505 R1505F R1505LK
R1506

ďż˝- CPWBFB076MRU0 (was CPWBFB064MRU0) models Sharp R1510F R1511 R1511F
R1512 R1512F R1514 R1514F R1514H R1520 R1520LK R1520LQ R1520LW

Prefer entire control panel assembly with control panel frame, keypad
and control unit (circuit board) but will consider just the control
unit (circuit board with display).

Used and even non-working is FINE, but PLEASE let me know if (and how)
if it is physically broken or damaged.

Thanks,

William E. Miller
protot...@usa.net

I've got one you can have, I need to check the #, but if I need to
deassemble and or pack it for shipping, I'd want something for that.
It stopped cooking, was over 5 years old so I just replaced it.- Hide quoted text -

- Show quoted text -

wonder what the OP is using them for??- Hide quoted text -

- Show quoted text -

re: wonder what the OP is using them for??

And I wonder why Eric still has a unit that stop cooking. <g

Inertia. I threw it on the recycle pile and haven't gotten around to
recycling.

 

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[dimension]

On Aug 7, 6:09 am, Sjouke Burry <burrynulnulf...@ppllaanneett.nnlll>
wrote:

dimension wrote:
do any one have anyproject ideas in INFRARED COMMUNICATION .any any ,
then please help me.i need it for my final year project.i am thinking
of infrared LAN but if you have any good ideas then please tell.

1. Build a IR repeater station, to control audio/video from your
bedroom, for equipment used in the living room.
2. Build a IR wireless headphone.
3. Build a RS232 wireless connection set.
4. Make your keyboard/mouse connection to the PC IR wireless.
5. to 50. Use your imagination.
1 to 4 should be increasingly difficult.
5 to 50 even more so.
PS: you can buy non-dedicated remote control sets, to
use for any purpose.
The last one I checked, had 10 buttons, and a reciever
with 10 outputs.

hi burry ..thnx for ur responce.

i thought of RS232 IR communication but my seniors hv done this
project so i wanted 2 go for some new ideas.u told abt interfacing k/b
or mouse with pc using IR ..cn this b done with simple k/b which we
generally use.

 

"England expects every man to do his duty"

Certainty level: 90%

This video clip portrays a fairly-certain case of unpleasant MI5 harassment; because of context, surrounding events,
not just this one happening. It's the first time an MI5 agent has been caught on video, and, presumably to their chagrin,
their paid agent is either engaging in an onanistic practice, or, more probably, pretending to do so, in order to
carry out an act of harassment.

The background is as follows. In late June 2000 I had posted the following message to Usenet, about MI5's making
obscene noises at me on several recent occasions;

From: bu765@torfree.net (Mike Corley)
Subject: relax, don't do it (mi5 again)
Date: 22 Jun 2000 00:00:00 GMT

you will recall that a couple of weeks ago I was supposing what MI5 were
doing with their 'single'handed' posting antics at 2am

exciting stuff

so about a week ago someone rings me up at home.... 'is that Emmanuel
Goldstein?' then he phones back the following day and goes 'huaaaagh' on
the phone before dropping the handset in excitement

and a day or two later, just coming out of our house to put something in
the rubbish bin, a pair of blokes over the other side of the road, again
start making orgasmic noises

I'm not paranoid enough to record minidisc when I pop out for a few
seconds...... but perhaps I should be

The video clip, which was captured on 1/September/2000, is the culmination of that thread of harassment. You
have to understand that MI5's abuse is in threads; they choose a topic, and then continue with it for months
and years. Sometimes they drop a topic, usually to be replaced by a worse one, and you never hear of it again.

If the person in the video clip were not an MI5 agent, then he would deserve privacy, despite carrying out a real
or feigned act in a public place. But I am almost 100% sure, because of context, that this man was one of their
operatives, which removes any consideration of privacy from his act. He is facing away and cannot be clearly
identified from this clip. I've never seen this man before or since, but that is true of most other such incidents.

2798


--
Posted via NewsDemon.com - Premium Uncensored Newsgroup Service
------->>>>>>http://www.NewsDemon.com<<<<<<------
Unlimited Access, Anonymous Accounts, Uncensored Broadband Access

 

[Michael Black]

On Sat, 14 Feb 2009, Jim wrote:

I need a source for a small quantity (20 or 30) Phillips PDTA114YS
transistor for a small VHF transmitter project. It is evidently an obsolete
part, and I don't find an equivalent part . Here is the data sheet, in case
anyone is interested:

So if it's an obsolete part, why do you want it? The only good reason is

as a replacement part, otherwise find other parts.

In your case, if you're building from some old schematic, you find one
that uses common parts so substitution is easy, or you find a more
recent schematic that uses parts that haven't gone out of style.

There is nothing magical about most schematics. Name any project, and
likely a long string of similar projects were published. Few are unique,
while plenty will be difficult to build up because they do use
special parts.

Michael

http://www.nxp.com/acrobat_download/datasheets/PDTA114Y_SERIES_4.pdf

This TO-92-3 transistor has an internal bias resistor, but I am unsure what
makes it special other than that.

Any help would be appreciated.

Jim

 

[Pieter]

On Tue, 19 Feb 2008 14:18:15 -0600, jakdedert
<jakdedert@bellsouth.net> wrote:

Well there is lead solder in my house and I drink the water. No lead
poisoning yet..

How can you tell? FWIW, I think the ban on lead in plumbing makes a lot
of sense. Still, I'd think that there is very little--if any--lead in
actual contact with the water in a properly sweated joint.

It certainlty makes more sense than banning it in electronics. All
electronics gets recycled nowadays. And we don't eat it.

When all lead in electronics is banned, we will have saved 0.14% of
the world lead usage.

I live in europe. You will follow with leadfree electronics sooner or
later. And then you will follow this too:

Since Januar 1st 2008 In Germany it is forbidden to drive older cars
in certain cities. Diesels must be from 2001+, gasoline must also be
reasonably new. In the Netherlands, Amsterdam is going to follow this
too. And I am sure other countries will follow. And the area will
expand from city-centres to whole cuties, then whole countries.
Meaning that we all will have to drive very new cars.

The reason behind this is that newer cars follow the newest
environment requirements.

About the plumbing: it is adviced over here that when you live in a
house with old plumbing (whats in a name), it is best to let (in the
morning) the water run for 10 seconds or more first so the piping
contains new water. Very small amounts of lead may leak into the
water, giving high levels of lead. Especially for children this is not
good.

Pieter

 

[Michael]

Hi,

I'm trying to find a UK source for a couple of dual gang pots (between
10K-100K would be good) but where you push it in to select one track and
then and pull out to select the other track. Is there a name for this type
of pot? It's hard to find an item when you don't know what it's called....

Cheers,

Michael

 

[John A]

"Mad Scientist Jr" <usenet_daughter@yahoo.com> wrote in message
news:1181082328.915396.165520@w5g2000hsg.googlegroups.com...

220 uF
100uF,
0.1 uF,
0.01 uF
0.047 uF
so I would want variable caps in this range.
Do these exist? Online all I am seeing is ones rated in pF.

Also, assuming I find these, and get them working in the circuit, and
find a desired setting for a capacitor, how do you measure the
capacitance? I have a multimeter but have really only used it to
measure ohms.

You cannot buy variable capacitors with these values, but you could make up
or purchase an arrangement of switches and fixed capacitors quite cheaply
which a) would be the next best thing and b) would directly address your
"how do you measure the capacitance" question. Commercially they are called
Capacitance Substitution Boxes or Capacitance DecadeBoxes . They're not
infinitely variable, of course, but are finitely practical!

John A

 

[Chris W]

I was wondering if someone knew where I might find a replacement gear
motor. I'm not sure but I think it is a DC motor here are the markings
on it.


PRO MOTOR (that text is large and on an arc)

CE (in letters twice as large as the 2 lines to the right of it.)

ES EMC
G2ME TS0991075-E-16

The motor has a 4mm shaft that is 25mm long with a 2.75dia x 1mm long
stub on the end of the shaft. The shaft is about 10mm off center in the
housing which is 42mm dia and 21mm thick. It has 2 ears on opposites
sides with mounting holes that are 50mm apart and are 3.5mm dia.


--
Chris W
KE5GIX

"Protect your digital freedom and privacy, eliminate DRM,
learn more at http://www.defectivebydesign.org/what_is_drm"

Ham Radio Repeater Database.
http://hrrdb.com

 

[Lostgallifreyan]

"Arfa Daily" <arfa.daily@ntlworld.com> wrote in
news:WSdli.34381$KE1.17442@newsfe1-win.ntli.net:

I suspect that your liking of odd colour schemes, harps back to
distant memories of your early life on Gallifrey, with its twin low
luminosity suns, and before you became 'lost' ... ;~}

Yes, yes that would be it. > The high council didn't build the Panopticon
for nothing, you know... All those lights in the dark, hypnotic.

 

[virtualgarage]

So far, as I know, this TO220-22 with a symbol and 080 00005 1183 692
has quadri- open collector drivers to 4 external solenoids.

This chip is used on a transmission control module dated 1988/4 for
BMW vehicle, as image below.

I have been browsing internet for over 3 days now without any luck so
far. I can NEVER find the TO220 with 22 pin! It looks to me like a PWM
solenoid driver but just my guess. There is 23 holes on the PCB as
you may see in this picture but only has 22 pin counts on this chip.

I need to find out the pin definition and datasheet. For a quadri-
drivers, I cann't understand why they have 22pin counts? Let us prove
how usenet can enlighten people!

If anyone knows about any information, please kindly let me know.

http://bimmerboard.com/members/1988bmw750il/original/whatchip.jpg

 

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[Hal Murray]

I want to plot an impulse: So, how do I measure a force up to 500N with
a precision of 0.1N and high time resolution?

search for load cell or strain guage. Not cheap.

You'll need an A/D. You want 1 part in 5000. That's a bit over
12 bits.

You didn't say anything about what "high" means in terms of
time resolution. Do you mean audio or radar frequencies?

At audio frequencies, you might be able to use the microphone
input on your PC. It is probably AC coupled. (that is it
can't measure very low frequencies, like a constant DC voltage.
Try it.)

In the same time, I want to plot the way of another component, so
exactly as above I need a sonsor with high time resolution and a way up
to 20mm in steps of at least 0.1mm.

There are several/many types of position sensors. 1 part in 200
should be reasonable. Some things to search for:
LVDS (a rod in two coils - you measure inductance)
a spring loaded pot with a string on it
optical ?? (they used to be used to sense disk arm position)

You might try an arm on a pot.

For those two problems I am searching for the best, but still cheap,
solution.

I doubt if you will find a cheap solution.

--
These are my opinions, not necessarily my employer's. I hate spam.

 

[Michael A. Terrell]

Jaygo wrote:

"Michael A. Terrell" <mike.terrell@earthlink.net> wrote in message
news:47C1F1E8.229E6CEB@earthlink.net...
Jaygo wrote:

"Michael A. Terrell" <mike.terrell@earthlink.net> wrote:

This is not a "For sale" newsgroup. Any electronics related sale
messages belong on <news:misc.industry.electronics.marketplace> or
http://groups.google.com/group/news:misc.industry.electronics.marketplace?hl=en
for Google users. misc.industry.electronics.marketplace was created for
that purpose.

I am not a spammer you twit just trying to get shut of / recycle /
offer a bargain of some vintage electronic components, This is a
public domain NG not the Central Florida private bulletien board.


YOU are an ignorant jackass who refuses to post ads on the proper
newsgroup. THAT makes you an ignorant Spammer.


So there's this great welcoming sign in sci.electronics.components

What did you expect? A key to the city, and to be allowed to nail
your posters to the front door of everyone's home?

that clearly states I am not allowed to offer for auction components
that could benefit both parties, I must have missed that bit.

Yes, and you continue to rant about it. Read
<http://www.faqs.org/ftp/usenet/news.announce.newgroups/sci/sci.electronics-reorg>
where it tells of the creation of this newsgroup, and that you are not
allowed top advertise here. Advertising is only allowed in places
created for it. the sci. groups are for the discussion of electronics,
and this particular group is to ask questions about components, like,
"Where can I find a 2N**** transistor, my current supplier dropped
them."

It's not
as though I'm this great electronics outlet. And whatever colourful
or choice name you wish to call me has little effect, but Ignorance
is the least of my foibles. You changed my link to spammer and
that is what I take exception to.


I also served my country for thirty odd years but when has the
british army ever bragged about such matters.


What has the british military done to brag about in the last 30
years?

Exactly, Point proven but probably lost on you.

Not at all, because I'm not British. Thank God, because enough of
you arrogant twits think that the rules don't apply to you.


--
Service to my country? Been there, Done that, and I've got my DD214 to
prove it.
Member of DAV #85.

Michael A. Terrell
Central Florida

 

[Mr.T]

<pfjw@aol.com> wrote in message
news:1183662805.120810.66920@m36g2000hse.googlegroups.com...

At no time were we comparing CFLs to tube-type fluorescents,

Yes I did, maybe you missed it.

there is no comparison there.

So true!

One more fallacious and diversionary argument on your part.

Your name calling does not make you the sole person responsible for setting
discussion parameters on Usenet.

When *I* make a choice, I do not eliminate the best options just because
they don't suit YOUR arguments.

MrT.

 

[Phil Hobbs]

JosephKK wrote:

On Wed, 10 Sep 2008 10:43:03 -0400, Phil Hobbs
pcdhSpamMeSenseless@electrooptical.net> wrote:

legg wrote:
On Tue, 09 Sep 2008 23:51:27 -0400, Phil Hobbs
pcdhSpamMeSenseless@electrooptical.net> wrote:

JosephKK wrote:
On Mon, 08 Sep 2008 08:28:30 -0400, Phil Hobbs
pcdhSpamMeSenseless@electrooptical.net> wrote:

Joerg wrote:
Phil Hobbs wrote:
We actually have a CT scanner for this up in Poughkeepsie. Takes a
pretty long time when there are high atomic weight metals in the way,
so iiuc it's used for sample testing and failure analysis--hopefully
the failures happen during qualification and not in the field!

What's your impression so far with respect to BGA versus PQFP and others?

I don't know--we basically don't use any packages with leads!

I can tell you that 32x148 pin surface mount connectors are hard to use.

Cheers,

Phil Hobbs
What the heck do you use for a mating connector?

A male version surface-mounted on the backplane. That's the standard
backplane connector for the current P- and Z-series machines. Half of
the pins are grounds, so for signals it's only 16x148. There's a _big_
preload put on it before reflow. (Yes, I realize that this is a
ridiculous connector. That's one reason we're trying to move towards
optical interconnection.)

It sounds like the wrong place, in the system, to interconnect.

RL
Nope, just a really big system. The on-board bandwidth is 5 or 10 times
higher--we could use twice that much off-board bandwidth.

Cheers,

Phil Hobbs

About the top clock frequency that you can go through a backplane of
useful size is about 500 MHz. The propagation speeds eat you alive,
not to mention skew, especially at wide transaction widths (say 256
bits). I figure they use a multiplicity of busses, at least 1184 but
not more than 2368 signals was it? And going differential gets you
higher clocks but with worse skew problems. Does re-aggregating
several very high speed serial signals (10,000 MHz each) back to a
parallel form do the job often enough to help?

These are (iirc) 5 Gb/s lines, with forward error correction, adaptive
thresholds, preemphasis, decision feedback equalization, yada yada yada.
The whole thing is tweaked right to the eyeballs, but it meets a
5-nines availability spec (5 minutes down time per year).

Cute gizmos, but all that stuff costs power and latency, which is
another reason for going optical. We need to get below 100 uW/(Gb/s)
(100 fJ/bit), which is going to be a challenge.

Cheers,

Phil Hobbs

 

[Michael Black]

"Jaygo" (jaygo999BREATH@hotmail.com) writes:

"Michael A. Terrell" <mike.terrell@earthlink.net> wrote in message
news:47C2175C.87D4DAF9@earthlink.net...
Jaygo wrote:

"Michael A. Terrell" <mike.terrell@earthlink.net> wrote in message
news:47C1F1E8.229E6CEB@earthlink.net...
Jaygo wrote:

"Michael A. Terrell" <mike.terrell@earthlink.net> wrote:

This is not a "For sale" newsgroup. Any electronics related sale
messages belong on <news:misc.industry.electronics.marketplace> or
http://groups.google.com/group/news:misc.industry.electronics.marketplace?hl=en
for Google users. misc.industry.electronics.marketplace was created
for
that purpose.

I am not a spammer you twit just trying to get shut of / recycle /
offer a bargain of some vintage electronic components, This is a
public domain NG not the Central Florida private bulletien board.


YOU are an ignorant jackass who refuses to post ads on the proper
newsgroup. THAT makes you an ignorant Spammer.


So there's this great welcoming sign in sci.electronics.components


What did you expect? A key to the city, and to be allowed to nail
your posters to the front door of everyone's home?


The parallel just doesn't add up, there is no key and one would hope
subscribers are bright enough to either read or disregard the notice,
click or ignore the link.

But you forget that some of us have been around here for a long time,

and we've seen all the junk posts over the years.

Realistically, it's too late to stop you from posting your initial ad.

But unless someone speaks up when it happens, then your ad is an invitation
for others to post their ads. And then the newsgroup dies as it gets
burdened with people posting their ads, all claiming "well one little
add that's not commercial can't help".

Too many come to the newsgroups for their own individual reasons, rather
than seeing ias a collective mass. Hence "how can my one little
non-commercial ad hurt" in itself won't, but when it all ads up it
hurts a lot.

When you got access to the newsgroups, you should have been warned to
read the newsgroup for a while before posting. Then you'd see people
pointing out that ads don't belong. You should have been subscribed
to the newsgroups where the introductions to newsgroups get posted,
so you'd learn something about the place.

But of course not, now it's really easy to post, so too many posting
come to post only ads, or bring their own old habits to the newsgroups
not realizing or caring about the long existing space they are invading.

Michael

 

[Archimedes' Lever]

On Wed, 21 Jan 2009 14:08:31 -0800 (PST), "David L. Jones"
<altzone@gmail.com> wrote:

On Jan 22, 2:21 am, krw <k...@att.zzzzzzzzz> wrote:
In article <31f7ee1b-796f-4a26-a7e4-7755648e2ad2@
35g2000pry.googlegroups.com>, energymo...@gmail.com says...



On Jan 21, 8:17 am, Paul <energymo...@gmail.com> wrote:
On Jan 21, 7:34 am, Stuart <Spam...@argonet.co.uk> wrote:

In article <MPG.23e0f291d9e4acfc989...@news.individual.net>,
krw <k...@att.zzzzzzzzz> wrote:

Totally useless in areas of high RF.
Wrong.

That statement simply exposes another large hole in your knowledge and
experience.

I spent 20 years on a high power HF transmitting station - believe me - I
*know*

As the man says, the proper tool for the job

I would agree. Take two meters. One is 1Kohms. The other is 1Gohms. If
the load is low impedance, say 100 ohms, then there's an appreciable
error with the low impedance meter-- simple ohms law. While the error
associate with the high impedance meter is unmeasurable.

People are probably confusing the fact that a high impedance meter
while unconnected to anything will pick up signals, for obvious
reasons.

Paul

Sorry, I didn't pay much attention who I was replying to. I'm not
taking sides, but I am saying that high impedance meters are better.

Right. It's easy to lower the effective impedance of a high
impedance meter.

Safely, in a dangerous situation?
What part of using the right tool for the job don't you understand?

Who said anything about a dangerous situation? If a pro is taking a
reading, his chosen job is not dangerous to him, and he knows how to take
the reading properly. That is why certain skills are taught.

Yes, High-Z meters are good (more useful in more cases), but Low-Z
meters have their place too.
There simply isn't any argument here, if you need a Low-Z meter, use
one.

All low Z meters simply have their low Z rated value utilized as a
direct shunt across the input leads. That is ALL low Z meters.
That is how it is done... in EVERY CASE. SO it is NOT unsafe to CREATE
your own low Z input by doing the same thing. You simply must ALSO be
sure to observe and obey all proximity rules and exposed node
precautions, like any pro would do anyway.

If you need a High-Z meter, use one. "Making do" without the
right tool in serious situations is stupid.

Low Z meters ARE high Z meters with a shunt. In almost every case, but
the cheap Harbor Frieght crap.

Going the other way is a lot harder.

Going from having high Z and getting low is not a problem. The other
way is simple too. All you need to do is go buy a high Z meter.

Agreed. That's why if you have serious needs you either have a dual
purpose meter, with Low-Z and High-Z modes, or you have two meters.

A good "low Z meter"<sic> will allow turning the shunt off. Shitty

brands do not.


Get a good, High Z meter, and if you need Low Z input impedance, set it
up right and perform you measurements. It really is that simple. Proper
set-up.. proper reading.

 

[Ross Herbert]

On Tue, 06 Jan 2009 04:53:17 -0900, floyd@apaflo.com (Floyd L. Davidson) wrote:

:Ross Herbert <rherber1@bigpond.net.au> wrote:
:>On Sun, 04 Jan 2009 20:36:09 -0900, floyd@apaflo.com (Floyd L. Davidson)
wrote:
:>
:>:Ross Herbert <rherber1@bigpond.net.au> wrote:
:>:
:>:> voice frequency circuits were all 300 - 3400Hz in my day.
:>:
:>:The PSTN is specified from 400 to 2800 Hz, with 24 dB SNR.
:>:
:>:Individual channels on various carrier systems, and some
:>rivate line voice circuits are specified with more
:>:bandwidth.
:>:
:>
:>In Australia PSTN is specified for 300 - 3400 Hz bandwidth.
:
:I doubt it.


Well let's give some examples...

When I was involved in junction commissioning (unloaded copper inter-exchange VF
junctions) with Telstra, transmission measurements were carried out over the
300-3400Hz range. This hasn't altered.

When looking at the transmission characteristics of an international telephone
exchange (ITU-T Recommendations)the only frequency range mentioned is
300-3400Hz.
http://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-Q.45-198410-I!!PDF-E&type=items
http://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-Q.45bis-198811-I!!PDF-E&type=items

And the following document recommends all channel terminal equipment be lined up
using 300-3400Hz.
http://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-G.120-199812-I!!PDF-E&type=items

Note that ITU-T G235 (3KHz spacing) is supesrseded and is no longer recommended
for international connections.

As for the specification relating to customer equipment connected to the PSTN
the frequency range used for testing is 100Hz - 4KHz.
http://www.commsalliance.com.au/documents/standards/S004:2008

In other documents from this website the definition of VF telephony or Voiceband
is 300-3400Hz.

There probably a number of other publications if I had the time to research them
but suffice to say that in Australia the VF telephony channel bandwidth is
specified as per ITU recommendations ie. 300-3400Hz.