Fuel Savings from Roadbed Electrification Pays for the Power

A busy freeway lane (1/2 safe following distance) dissipates 2 MW
mechanical energy/mile/lane.

Now let's be complete morons and ignore the supply - demand curve for
oil and ignore Obama holding the Fed by the short hairs and pretend
fuel will stay at $2.50 gallon:

$2.50/gallon X 2,000 kW/mile / (13 kW-hr mechanical energy/gallon) =

$385/mile-hr = $3.2 million/mile-year for fuel.

If the cost of a power plant is $4/watt then the cost of the power
plant/mile is $8 million.

In other words, the fuel savings from electrification would pay for
the capital cost of the power plants in 2 1/2 years.

Maybe.

A few weeks would be closer to the payback time as fuel will be $15/
gallon before this is shovel ready.

Once again you totally ignore the cost to build the necessary infrastructure
and maintain it, which would be far more than the power plants.
If you knew the cost of the power plants isn't all that important,
then why did _you_ raise the issue?

Are you this dumb in real life or are you just pulling our legs?

If you aren't this stoopid face to face, then don't be stoopid here.


Bret Cahill
 
In sci.physics Bret_E_Cahill@yahoo.com wrote:

Do you know the percentage of time it is raining in various parts of
the country?
The percentage is irrelevant if it is anything more than zero.

And just in case you don't get out much, the percentage is pretty
high everywhere in the US other than the South West.

Even in the South West, a rain storm can last for weeks.


--
Jim Pennino

Remove .spam.sux to reply.
 
In sci.physics Bret_E_Cahill@yahoo.com wrote:
And then that cost is compared to the cost of the trillions of dollars
going to oil rich despotisms.

Annual US oil import have totalled about 5 billion barrels for years.

In 2008, oil was at it's higest price

Which will seem like the good ol' days in a couple of years.

and averaged a bit under $100/bbl
for the year.

That's $0.5 trillion, not trillions.

0.5 trillion / year or 3 - 5 trillion by the time electrification is
"shovel ready."

But only a complete moron thinks oil will stay at or below $5/gallon.
Oil isn't sold by the gallon.

But wait, there's more.

About 68% of oil is used for transportation, the rest goes for other
things, mostly industrial use.

Even if you assume 60% is for road use, which is probably high, that
means $0.3 trillion a year goes to road use.

That means oil would have to average about $670/bbl to get to "trillions".

<snip political nonsense>

Roughly 3/5 of the imported oil came from Canada and Mexico.

It's irrelevant which country it comes from as all oil is traded at
world market prices.
I though your big concern was oil from "oil rich despotisms".

Are you changing your mind?




--
Jim Pennino

Remove .spam.sux to reply.
 
In sci.physics Bret_E_Cahill@yahoo.com wrote:
I'm still having trouble figgering out where the word "huge" goes in
Excel.
You seem to be obsessed by spreadsheets.

<snip babble>

No one said anything about rebuilding the entire Eisenhower Interstate
Highway System, although, if that became necessary, it would certainly
be more cost effective than paying $15/gallon for fuel.
Yes, you are, you just don't seem to be able to understand that.

Just cut out some concrete and insert the conductor. It could be done
from a truck.
No, it can't, and it is childish to think it could be, but irrelevant
since such a system won't work in anything but dry weather.

<snip nonsense>


--
Jim Pennino

Remove .spam.sux to reply.
 
In sci.physics Bret_E_Cahill@yahoo.com wrote:
Where does the term "far more" go into the spread sheet?
You certainly are obsessed with spreadsheets.

You do realize you need to enter formulas into a spreadsheet before
they do anything.

<snip babble>

Once again you totally ignore the cost to build the necessary infrastructure
and maintain it, which would be far more than the power plants.

You have a number for "far more?"

Maybe you meant an "order of magnitude more."
If you think it is otherwise, let's see some numbers.

You are the one with the proposal, so the burden is on you.


--
Jim Pennino

Remove .spam.sux to reply.
 
I once considered an electric car conversion, because
electricity is cheaper than gasoline. The batteries are the
killer. Cost of batteries per mile is about the same as gasoline
per mile. That pushed the advantage to the gasoline powered car.

If you could dispose of the batteries, it would be no contest:
electric cars would be the way to go.

What if you didn't have to buy the batteries?
http://www.betterplace.com/

You _always_ have to buy the batteries.

Is it against the law to lease batteries where you live?

Is it against the law to lease cars where you live?

If not, then why are so few doing it?

The reason is it's cheaper to get financing and _buy_ the car.

That depends on the initial cost of the car. Many high end cars *are*
leased because it is cheaper to do that than get financing to buy them.
Also leasers tend to accept that they will not be keeping the car for
its entire life. Lot's of people lease their housing for the same reason.
The vast majority find it more economical to buy.

You have yet to proffer any reasoning why batteries are fundamentally
different than anything else that can be financed more cheaply than
buying outright.

Using the Better Place business model, the car owner will only posses a
particular battery for about a week
Does the charge last a week?

How many kW-hrs is this battery?

How much does the battery cost/kW-hr?

How much does it weigh?

Why only one week?

How do you drive after you turn in the battery?

Do you exchange the battery?

And most important, what is the cost/kW-hr?

If you can't give any basic thermo info, as I did with power plant
capital and operating costs, then you ain't got no legitimate
business.

out of its proposed 25 year
life-span.
The battery doesn't even exist?

At that turnover rate, it's silly to buy.
Depends on what you are charging and on what basis.

If you had a serious business plan that would be the first thing
you'ld mention.

Seriously though, look at Better Place's business plan.

A business plan ain't going to reduce the 3X higher cost of motoring
using battery only.
No answer?

You have exactly 24 hours to come up with some kind of theory on what
this will cost the _customer_ on a kW/hr basis.

They aren't
hoping for some pie in the sky "future technology",
Then why is it a "proposed" battery?

Then it's _guaranteed_ that it'll be 3X more expensive than road bed
electrification.

I guess you will have to put me in the same camp as the rest of your
detractors then.
The sooner you quit using my name / threads for free advertising of
your energy scam the better.

We are stuck with having to evolve from what we have to
what we want.
And roadbed electrification is pay as you go with hybrid electric
vehicles.

If 100% roadbed electrification is your goal, then the
first step is to dramatically increase the number of EVs on the road.
You have it backwards.

The first step is to electrify the roadbed and then allow market
forces to allow consumers choice in selecting their vehicle.

They can buy a fuel-only drive train and spend $15/gallon in fuel.

Or they can buy a hybrid or EV and recharge and motor for free on the
freeway, at least for the first 20 years.

If you can snooker someone to lease batteries when they can charge up
their own on the freeway . . .

That can only be done with batteries on board.
How does that preclude batteries that are bought outright?

I expect that you might dispute my first step, if so, then what do you
think the first step should be?
Your first step needs to be able to explain why it's cheaper for
_most_ to lease than to get financing and to buy.

If you don't explain that in good time then everyone will think you
are just another investment scam.

they are fully in
the here and now. As far as I understand, they already have two
countries (Israel and Denmark) and one state (Hawaii) signed up.
Let me guess, you have testimonials from "happy customers."

If you want to discuss niche markets, feel free to start another
thread.

I think discussing "niche markets" is better than discussing
non-markets, especially if whole countries are considered "niche".
Let me guess, your sales are top secret.

I'll give you a tip about newsgroups. The dunce posters have no dough
and the lurkers ain't going to give you jack.


Bret Cahill
 
If the cost of a power plant is $4/watt then the cost of the power
plant/mile is $8 million.

In other words, the fuel savings from electrification would pay for the
capital cost of the power plants in 2 1/2 years.

What is the cost to run power conductors in the roads, and to re-work all
cars to be electric? I'm not saying it is a bad idea; had we gone with
electric cars from the beginning, this would be an excellent idea. But it
sounds like a lot of re-work and the analysis isn't complete.

It might work in a small community. Zermatt in
Switzerland banned internal combustion engine
vehicles (except for some special vehicles like
fire engines) about 20 years ago, both to reduce
air pollution (important in this tourist town)
and because of the very narrow streets. Almost
all vehicle trffic is electric, running off
batteries. It would be much greener to have
no batteries at all and run everything directly
off the grid.

And if we had Mr. Fusioni running on banana peels, life would be wonderful.

Everyone agrees an electrification system could be made to work in a
controlled environment. �We only need to look at subways and toys to
know it works.

Toys?

The only plausible issues that have been raised so far that may be a
problem are rainwater, dust, crankcase oil and debris from vehicles
and possibly vehicles themselves rolling over.

May be a problem?

News flash; water is conductive and causes all sorts of problems
for electrical systems.

These problems -- and their solutions -- could be identified at very
low cost without adapting a single Prius or Peterbilt or GM Volt.

The problem has already been identified at zero cost; water is conductive..
Do you know the percentage of time it is raining in various parts of
the country?

Do you know how quickly a relay could shut the power off?

Do you know how quickly an EV could switch over to battery power?

Even our sci.electronics.basics dunces don't dare say any of the above
would be difficult.

Try to remember every road does not need to be electrified 100% of the
time to save trillions in fuel every year.


Bret Cahill
 
In sci.physics Bret_E_Cahill@yahoo.com wrote:

Do you know the percentage of time it is raining in various parts of
the country?
Just for giggles I looked it up.

Some representative cities and average annual day of measurable preciptation:

HUNTSVILLE, AL 117
MONTGOMERY, AL 108
TUCSON, AZ 53
LOS ANGELES C.O., CA 35
SAN FRANCISCO C.O., CA 67
DENVER, CO 89
WASHINGTON NAT'L AP, D.C. 112
DAYTONA BEACH, FL 114
MIAMI, FL 129
ATLANTA, GA 115
CHICAGO,IL 126
INDIANAPOLIS, IN 126
LEXINGTON, KY 130
BALTIMORE, MD 113
DETROIT, MI 136
MINNEAPOLIS-ST.PAUL, MN 115
ST. LOUIS, MO 111
LAS VEGAS, NV 26
NEWARK, NJ 122
ALBUQUERQUE, NM 61
SYRACUSE, NY 171
COLUMBUS, OH 137
PORTLAND, OR 151
PITTSBURGH, PA 153
NASHVILLE, TN 119
HOUSTON, TX 106
NORFOLK, VA 115
SEATTLE SEA-TAC AP, WA 154

So it looks like for most of the country about 30%.

Does the word "winter" mean anything to you?


--
Jim Pennino

Remove .spam.sux to reply.
 
And then that cost is compared to the cost of the trillions of dollars
going to oil rich despotisms.

Annual US oil import have totalled about 5 billion barrels for years.

In 2008, oil was at it's higest price
Which will seem like the good ol' days in a couple of years.

and averaged a bit under $100/bbl
for the year.

That's $0.5 trillion, not trillions.
0.5 trillion / year or 3 - 5 trillion by the time electrification is
"shovel ready."

But only a complete moron thinks oil will stay at or below $5/gallon.

If we sit back and do nothing the U. S. will, before Obama even leaves
office, be paying trillions a year to import oil.

Roughly 3/5 of the imported oil came from Canada and Mexico.
It's irrelevant which country it comes from as all oil is traded at
world market prices.


Bret Cahill
 
On Sat, 30 May 2009 20:58:14 -0700 (PDT), Bret_E_Cahill@yahoo.com
wrote:

A busy freeway lane (1/2 safe following distance) dissipates 2 MW
mechanical energy/mile/lane.

Now let's be complete morons and ignore the supply - demand curve for
oil and ignore Obama holding the Fed by the short hairs and pretend
fuel will stay at $2.50 gallon:

$2.50/gallon X 2,000 kW/mile / ?(13 kW-hr mechanical energy/gallon) =

$385/mile-hr = $3.2 million/mile-year for fuel.

If the cost of a power plant is $4/watt then the cost of the power
plant/mile is $8 million.

In other words, the fuel savings from electrification would pay for
the capital cost of the power plants in 2 1/2 years.

Maybe.

Your units are so bizarre it is hard to make sense of your numbers.

Yes. He's comparing the one-time capital cost of an electric plant to
an ongoing gasoline fuel cost. Do electric plants get their fuel for
free?

Jimmy Carter got the grid off of liquid fuel decades ago.

That's the _whole point_ of electrification.

Oil free grid power is much cheaper than liquid fuel.
Until you try to get it, on the fly, into a car that's going 85 MPH.

Are you this dumb in real life or are you just pulling our legs?
If your ideas make economic sense, they'll happen. Let's wait and see.

. . .

A more sane person would use the daily vehicle-miles times the
average vehicle MPG to get the fuel usage.

Now, what is the construction and maintenance costs to electrify
roadways?

That, too.

Sounds like you want to be on the committee that sets up the spread
sheet.

We could use overhead metal sheets, like the bumper cars at
the beach.

Then thangs are ugly at the beach and would be even uglier on the
freeway.

And what do you do when you exit the freeway for the street?

That's when you use the battery which has just been fully charged up
from the freeway.
OK, just never drive more than 40 miles from a freeway.

Or you could use bio fuel in your plug in hybrid's tank.
Hey, we could have biofuel reloading facilities near every freeway! We
could call them something catchy like "filling stations" maybe. Maybe
have statues of Al Gore out front.

The single magic bullet solution folk need to be lined up and . . .
made to push their dead, heavy electric cars off the roadway.

John
 
I'm still having trouble figgering out where the word "huge" goes in
Excel.

Could someone contact Microsoft and find out?

A busy freeway lane (1/2 safe following distance) dissipates 2 MW
mechanical energy/mile/lane.

Now let's be complete morons and ignore the supply - demand curve for
oil and ignore Obama holding the Fed by the short hairs and pretend
fuel will stay at $2.50 gallon:

$2.50/gallon X 2,000 kW/mile / (13 kW-hr mechanical energy/gallon) =

$385/mile-hr = $3.2 million/mile-year for fuel.

If the cost of a power plant is $4/watt then the cost of the power
plant/mile is $8 million.

In other words, the fuel savings from electrification would pay for
the capital cost of the power plants in 2 1/2 years.

Maybe.

A few weeks would be closer to the payback time as fuel will be $15/
gallon before this is shovel ready.

Once again you totally ignore the cost to build the necessary infrastructure
and maintain it, which would be far more than the power plants.

If you knew the cost of the power plants isn't all that important,
then why did _you_ raise the issue?

It isn't that much by comparison to the cost of building and maintaining
the roadway infrastructure,
No one said anything about rebuilding the entire Eisenhower Interstate
Highway System, although, if that became necessary, it would certainly
be more cost effective than paying $15/gallon for fuel.

Just cut out some concrete and insert the conductor. It could be done
from a truck.

but it is still a huge cost.
But, as was clearly shown above, electrification pays for the "huge
cost" of building power plants in a matter of months in fuel savings.

You suggested that this was the killer cost of electrification by
hyping it in another thread.

Why did you hype something that bolstered _my_ case?

Are you this dumb in real life? If not then don't be that dumb here.


Bret Cahill
 
Where does the term "far more" go into the spread sheet?

A busy freeway lane (1/2 safe following distance) dissipates 2 MW
mechanical energy/mile/lane.

Now let's be complete morons and ignore the supply - demand curve for
oil and ignore Obama holding the Fed by the short hairs and pretend
fuel will stay at $2.50 gallon:

$2.50/gallon X 2,000 kW/mile / (13 kW-hr mechanical energy/gallon) =

$385/mile-hr = $3.2 million/mile-year for fuel.

If the cost of a power plant is $4/watt then the cost of the power
plant/mile is $8 million.

In other words, the fuel savings from electrification would pay for
the capital cost of the power plants in 2 1/2 years.

Maybe.

A few weeks would be closer to the payback time as fuel will be $15/
gallon before this is shovel ready.

Once again you totally ignore the cost to build the necessary infrastructure
and maintain it, which would be far more than the power plants.
You have a number for "far more?"

Maybe you meant an "order of magnitude more."


Bret Cahill


"But the tumult soon subsides. Time makes more converts than reason."

-- Paine
 
Bret_E_Cahill@yahoo.com wrote:
Daniel T. wrote:

If 100% roadbed electrification is your goal, then the
first step is to dramatically increase the number of EVs on the road.

You have it backwards.

The first step is to electrify the roadbed and then allow market
forces to allow consumers choice in selecting their vehicle.
I don't know enough about this subject to answer your questions, but I
do know this. A company (Better Place) has signed contracts with several
governments and an auto manufacturer to create electric cars and the
infrastructure to make them a workable alternative. Shai Agassi plans on
a system that works much like our current cell phone system. You buy the
miles, and get the car as part of the contract. They have prototype
vehicles, a prototype fully automated battery switching station and
already have installed electric rechargers in real parking lots.

When you get some government willing to sign a commitment to electrify
all of their roadbeds, you let us know... Frankly, I hope you can do it;
sounds like a great idea to me. I hazard to guess that half the roadbeds
in America already have electric transmission lines running along side
of them (either above ground or underground,) so it probably wouldn't
even be that big of a deal.

The cynic in me says that until someone finds a way to make a whole lot
of money off of it, such a system isn't going to go anywhere. Mr. Agassi
thinks he can make a lot of money off of selling EV miles instead of
cars, and he has managed to convince a number of big money players that
they can too. The next 10 years are going to be very interesting...
 
I get it now. Usenet is a game where suckers come in and offer an idea,
and the regular users try and think of every stupid reason in the world
it is impossible and to belittle anyone who actually SAYS anything.



--
Flamer & Trolls happily killfiled, as they should. No one should have to
tolerate their abuse. If a flamer should get luck and ask an intelligent
question and you want it answered, repeat it for them.
 
On Sun, 31 May 2009 18:46:00 -0500, Marvin the Martian
<marvin@ontomars.org> wrote:

I get it now. Usenet is a game where suckers come in and offer an idea,
and the regular users try and think of every stupid reason in the world
it is impossible and to belittle anyone who actually SAYS anything.
I see you've not studied science either.
 
On Sun, 31 May 2009 18:51:54 -0500, krw wrote:

On Sun, 31 May 2009 18:46:00 -0500, Marvin the Martian
marvin@ontomars.org> wrote:


I get it now. Usenet is a game where suckers come in and offer an idea,
and the regular users try and think of every stupid reason in the world
it is impossible and to belittle anyone who actually SAYS anything.

I see you've not studied science either.
I see you're wrong.

My observation is that a bunch of people with weak egos come here to
insult people, throwing every petty and slightest objection at them as if
it was a law of physics.

Like the claim that snow makes electric cars on electrified roads
impossible. I still see the electric buses moving down Seattle streets
when it snows, so that is obviously not true. But the people making the
objections never have to PROVE their statements, so it is no problem to
them if they are completely wrong, and they go away feeling oh so
superior.

Enough!






--
Flamer & Trolls happily killfiled, as they should. No one should have to
tolerate their abuse. If a flamer should get luck and ask an intelligent
question and you want it answered, repeat it for them.
 
Marvin the Martian wrote:
On Sun, 31 May 2009 18:51:54 -0500, krw wrote:

On Sun, 31 May 2009 18:46:00 -0500, Marvin the Martian
marvin@ontomars.org> wrote:


I get it now. Usenet is a game where suckers come in and offer an idea,
and the regular users try and think of every stupid reason in the world
it is impossible and to belittle anyone who actually SAYS anything.

I see you've not studied science either.

I see you're wrong.

My observation is that a bunch of people with weak egos come here to
insult people, throwing every petty and slightest objection at them as if
it was a law of physics.

Like the claim that snow makes electric cars on electrified roads
impossible. I still see the electric buses moving down Seattle streets
when it snows, so that is obviously not true. But the people making the
objections never have to PROVE their statements, so it is no problem to
them if they are completely wrong, and they go away feeling oh so
superior.

Those are powered by overhead canenary lines, not high voltage rails
embedded into the roadway.


Don't go a way mad. Oh, too late, here they are with your straight
jacket. Just go away, and don't bother to write..


--
You can't have a sense of humor, if you have no sense!
 
On Sun, 31 May 2009 20:15:59 -0400, Michael A. Terrell wrote:

Marvin the Martian wrote:

On Sun, 31 May 2009 18:51:54 -0500, krw wrote:

On Sun, 31 May 2009 18:46:00 -0500, Marvin the Martian
marvin@ontomars.org> wrote:


I get it now. Usenet is a game where suckers come in and offer an
idea, and the regular users try and think of every stupid reason in
the world it is impossible and to belittle anyone who actually SAYS
anything.

I see you've not studied science either.

I see you're wrong.

My observation is that a bunch of people with weak egos come here to
insult people, throwing every petty and slightest objection at them as
if it was a law of physics.

Like the claim that snow makes electric cars on electrified roads
impossible. I still see the electric buses moving down Seattle streets
when it snows, so that is obviously not true. But the people making the
objections never have to PROVE their statements, so it is no problem to
them if they are completely wrong, and they go away feeling oh so
superior.


Those are powered by overhead canenary lines, not high voltage rails
embedded into the roadway.
The goal was to run electric cars without batteries. It's been done with
electric buses, electric trains and subways for a century. It is amazing
to find so many people think it is impossible.

Don't go a way mad. Oh, too late, here they are with your straight
jacket. Just go away, and don't bother to write..
Which proves that you're just another damaged ego on the usenet, looking
to validate your worthless life by proving your superiority by flaming
people.

I came here to look for people for my website, and came for the same
reason I go to the zoo and watch the monkeys. They're so... almost human
like.




--
Flamer & Trolls happily killfiled, as they should. No one should have to
tolerate their abuse. If a flamer should get luck and ask an intelligent
question and you want it answered, repeat it for them.
 
In sci.physics Marvin the Martian <marvin@ontomars.org> wrote:
On Sun, 31 May 2009 20:15:59 -0400, Michael A. Terrell wrote:

Marvin the Martian wrote:

On Sun, 31 May 2009 18:51:54 -0500, krw wrote:

On Sun, 31 May 2009 18:46:00 -0500, Marvin the Martian
marvin@ontomars.org> wrote:


I get it now. Usenet is a game where suckers come in and offer an
idea, and the regular users try and think of every stupid reason in
the world it is impossible and to belittle anyone who actually SAYS
anything.

I see you've not studied science either.

I see you're wrong.

My observation is that a bunch of people with weak egos come here to
insult people, throwing every petty and slightest objection at them as
if it was a law of physics.

Like the claim that snow makes electric cars on electrified roads
impossible. I still see the electric buses moving down Seattle streets
when it snows, so that is obviously not true. But the people making the
objections never have to PROVE their statements, so it is no problem to
them if they are completely wrong, and they go away feeling oh so
superior.


Those are powered by overhead canenary lines, not high voltage rails
embedded into the roadway.

The goal was to run electric cars without batteries. It's been done with
electric buses, electric trains and subways for a century. It is amazing
to find so many people think it is impossible.
Nope, that was never in this thread.

It was about electrified major roads and batteries otherwise.

Electric vehicles work in the real world in one of two ways:

Through overhead wires where they are open to the elements.

Through rails where the rails aren't exposed to the elements.


--
Jim Pennino

Remove .spam.sux to reply.
 
On May 31, 10:49 am, Bret_E_Cah...@yahoo.com wrote:
If the cost of a power plant is $4/watt then the cost of the power
plant/mile is $8 million.
In other words, the fuel savings from electrification would pay for the
capital cost of the power plants in 2 1/2 years.
What is the cost to run power conductors in the roads, and to re-work all
cars to be electric? I'm not saying it is a bad idea; had we gone with
electric cars from the beginning, this would be an excellent idea. But it
sounds like a lot of re-work and the analysis isn't complete.

It might work in a small community. Zermatt in
Switzerland banned internal combustion engine
vehicles (except for some special vehicles like
fire engines) about 20 years ago, both to reduce
air pollution (important in this tourist town)
and because of the very narrow streets. Almost
all vehicle trffic is electric, running off
batteries. It would be much greener to have
no batteries at all and run everything directly
off the grid.

And if we had Mr. Fusioni running on banana peels, life would be wonderful.

Everyone agrees an electrification system could be made to work in a
controlled environment.  We only need to look at subways and toys to
know it works.

The only plausible issues that have been raised so far that may be a
problem are rainwater, dust, crankcase oil and debris from vehicles
and possibly vehicles themselves rolling over.
Jim P. mentioned winter in another post. Snow would
naturally fill the grooves cut into the roadway for
the conductors due to the wind. That snow would turn to ice
eventually. Road crews would also push snow into the grooves as
they cleaned the road. Then there are the chemicals they apply to
help keep the highways from freezing. They also use sand and gravel
on the roads in places to help traction. Guess where that would end
up.
Ice storms would create another problem. The storms could take
down the power lines supplying the roadway conductors. The
electrically powered traffic would stop. Most of the U.S. is
probably subject to freezing rain and
snow at times.
These problems -- and their solutions -- could be identified at very
low cost without adapting a single Prius or Peterbilt or GM Volt.

A 50' section of a lane could be electrified in several different
environments and situations around the country in locations where it
was convenient to monitor, i. e., in front of truck scales.

If roads without proper drainage tended to short out the system then
the cost of draining all the low areas makes it way into the spread
sheet.

And then that cost is compared to the cost of the trillions of dollars
going to oil rich despotisms.

Bret Cahill
 

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