Contactor coil: 50 Hz vs. 60 Hz

On Sat, 3 Sep 2011 10:13:51 -0700 (PDT), NT <meow2222@care2.com>
wrote:

On Sep 2, 8:41 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
Snipped a lot of repetitious, self serving nonsense.

and if the relay is
designed to operate on AC with a certain RMS current in its coil, how
can it possibly overheat if that current is DC?

With the same current it wont, with higher curren ti will. IIRC you
proposed using 174v rms,

No, I merely added a capacitor across the output of _your_ proposed
full wave rectified 120 VRMS 60Hz source (170V peak) in order to get
smoothed DC closer to the relay's must-make current.

fwliw I said use diodes, you came back with a FW BR. I dont think it
matters.

---
Then show me your circuit.

Just in case you've forgotten, your suggestion was to use a 240V AC
relay using diodes and 120V mains.
---

that would be ok on your specific relay, but
not a universal solution.

???

Your proposd BR+C delivers the right i for one specific relay. For
some relays it will fry them.

---
Show me.

If you want to go get some specs of other relays, you can. This is
starting to get silly.
---
Translation: "I can do neither, but let me see what I can do to duck
out of here without losing too much face."

--
JF
 
On Sep 2, 8:41 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
Snipped a lot of repetitious, self serving nonsense.

and if the relay is
designed to operate on AC with a certain RMS current in its coil, how
can it possibly overheat if that current is DC?

With the same current it wont, with higher curren ti will. IIRC you
proposed using 174v rms,

No, I merely added a capacitor across the output of _your_ proposed
full wave rectified 120 VRMS 60Hz source (170V peak) in order to get
smoothed DC closer to the relay's must-make current.

fwliw I said use diodes, you came back with a FW BR. I dont think it
matters.

---
Then show me your circuit.

Just in case you've forgotten, your suggestion was to use a 240V AC
relay using diodes and 120V mains.
---

that would be ok on your specific relay, but
not a universal solution.

???

Your proposd BR+C delivers the right i for one specific relay. For
some relays it will fry them.

---
Show me.
If you want to go get some specs of other relays, you can. This is
starting to get silly.
 
"NT" wrote in message
news:1151b7d1-43be-4a3c-87ba-a533f96b5570@hb5g2000vbb.googlegroups.com...

-----------------------
I sense a bit of cross confusion in this thread.

a)Do not the AC/DC ratings refer to the contact rating rather than the
coil
rating? As with any switch, there is a big derating of contacts designed
for
AC use but applied to DC- Example a typical 120V 15 A light switch would
fail at 15A 120V DC- it might work at 15A, 12V. Older switches with good
snap contacts do much better.
No, I'm talking about coil voltage ratings.


You indicate experience for the factor of 2:1- but is this something that
translates across the AC/DC barrier?
I'm not 100% clear what you mean there. In short, many relays only
have one coil voltage rating, and its for just one of either ac or dc.
The various ones I've seen that have coil 2 ratings, one for ac one
for dc, have consistently had the dc coil rating be half the ac
voltage rating.


b) John indicates 174VDC giving 0.036A would be OK- for closing. However
when closed, the holding current will be 0.031A and this is the steady
state
current that is involved in heating when the relay is closed. For DC the
voltage would need to be about 150VDC [ (174*0.031/0.036)^2]. So it
remains to be seen if that is sufficient to close the relay. According to
you- it would be more than adequate. From John's 80% criterion it is
inadequate.- so point (c).

c) The peak force is related to the square of peak flux For AC, this is
proportional to (Vrms/f)^2 independent of the magnetic medium. The
magnetic
medium determines the corresponding peak current. While a DC current of
0.036A corresponds to an rms current of the same magnitude, and the
average
force is the same, at that current, as the average force in the AC case,
it
is well below the peak force (about a factor of 2, ). This may have have
a
bearing on the relay's operation- just a conjecture.

Don Kelly
cross out to reply
Peak force would come into play when dealing with stiction, but a
relay would have to be on its very last legs for stiction to be
significant in practice.


NT

Thank you.

Possibly the DC rating is lower because of the lower impedance (In the
example, with the coil closed the resistance cited is about 60 % of the 60
Hz impedance and the same current is wanted.

Don Kelly
cross out to reply
 
On Saturday, September 3, 2011 7:45:47 AM UTC-7, Ian Field wrote:
"whit3rd" <whi...@gmail.com> wrote in message

NO NO NO!
DC excitation of an AC-rated coil is never a good idea.

As long as you alter the voltage to take into account no inductive effect,
its probably not as bad as running a DC contactor with AC.
There's a subtle difference, though, in an iron pole piece that gets
permanently magnetized by repeated DC excitation, and the same
pole piece that gets AC and is repeatedly demagnetized. I'd worry
about the DC causing, maybe after weeks, a failure of a perfectly
good AC component.

The 'no inductive effect' means that only the wire resistance, not the
resistance plus inductance, limits field current. That means the
field current with DC isn't predictably proportioned to the field
current with AC (though THAT could be quickly tested).
 
On Sep 3, 6:50 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
On Sat, 3 Sep 2011 10:13:51 -0700 (PDT), NT <meow2...@care2.com
wrote:



On Sep 2, 8:41 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
Snipped a lot of repetitious, self serving nonsense.

and if the relay is
designed to operate on AC with a certain RMS current in its coil, how
can it possibly overheat if that current is DC?

With the same current it wont, with higher curren ti will. IIRC you
proposed using 174v rms,

No, I merely added a capacitor across the output of _your_ proposed
full wave rectified 120 VRMS 60Hz source (170V peak) in order to get
smoothed DC closer to the relay's must-make current.

fwliw I said use diodes, you came back with a FW BR. I dont think it
matters.

---
Then show me your circuit.

Just in case you've forgotten, your suggestion was to use a 240V AC
relay using diodes and 120V mains.
---

that would be ok on your specific relay, but
not a universal solution.

???

Your proposd BR+C delivers the right i for one specific relay. For
some relays it will fry them.

---
Show me.

If you want to go get some specs of other relays, you can. This is
starting to get silly.

---
Translation:  "I can do neither, but let me see what I can do to duck
out of here without losing too much face."
translation: if you want to go teach yoursef, youre free to. I'm not
puting however many hours in for you for free.
 
On Sep 3, 12:41 am, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
On Fri, 2 Sep 2011 15:42:28 -0700 (PDT), "cbarn24...@aol.com"





cbarn24...@aol.com> wrote:
On Sep 2, 3:04 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
On Fri, 2 Sep 2011 05:47:43 -0700 (PDT), "cbarn24...@aol.com"

cbarn24...@aol.com> wrote:
On Aug 30, 6:59 pm, Jeff Liebermann <je...@cruzio.com> wrote:
On Tue, 30 Aug 2011 10:55:10 -0500, Jeffrey Angus <grendel...@aim.com
wrote:

Hasn't anybody read the original question?

Nope.  With 5 groups in the distribution, I just assumed the original
question to not be worth reading.  Besides, some of the groups appear
to be write-only, where nobody (including me) reads the original
question.

That must be the explaination as to why so much crap has been written
on this thread!!

---
The addition of your three turds to this punchbowl certainly isn't
helping, is it?

--
JF

Well they might if you actually read them, I have actually given the
op the correct answer,

---
Really?

Here are your previous posts to this thread:

Your first:

"Finally someone comes up with the correct answer."

Your second:

"Oh they don't do practical here! It's rare for them to get it right
either, this thread is no exception. Some of them even advertise their
place of work! I wonder how much business that has cost them."

Your third:

"That must be the explaination as to why so much crap has been written
on this thread!!"

Which of those gives the correct answer to the OP?
Err the first, maybe you didnt read the post it was replying to.

---

I actually read the question.

---
More's the pity then, since you obviously didn't understand it.
What do you think i didn't understand?


---

Of course your free to ramble on about relays instead of contactors if you like.

---
If you have any capacity for learning, you need to smart up on
reasoning and punctuation before you start talking about shit you know
nothing about.
smarten up John


Just to help you along, here's a clue:

All contactors are relays, but not all relays are contactors.
No there not dopey.


--
JF- Hide quoted text -

- Show quoted text -
 
On Sep 3, 8:57 pm, NT <meow2...@care2.com> wrote:
On Sep 3, 6:50 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:





On Sat, 3 Sep 2011 10:13:51 -0700 (PDT), NT <meow2...@care2.com
wrote:

On Sep 2, 8:41 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
Snipped a lot of repetitious, self serving nonsense.

and if the relay is
designed to operate on AC with a certain RMS current in its coil, how
can it possibly overheat if that current is DC?

With the same current it wont, with higher curren ti will. IIRC you
proposed using 174v rms,

No, I merely added a capacitor across the output of _your_ proposed
full wave rectified 120 VRMS 60Hz source (170V peak) in order to get
smoothed DC closer to the relay's must-make current.

fwliw I said use diodes, you came back with a FW BR. I dont think it
matters.

---
Then show me your circuit.

Just in case you've forgotten, your suggestion was to use a 240V AC
relay using diodes and 120V mains.
---

that would be ok on your specific relay, but
not a universal solution.

???

Your proposd BR+C delivers the right i for one specific relay. For
some relays it will fry them.

---
Show me.

If you want to go get some specs of other relays, you can. This is
starting to get silly.

---
Translation:  "I can do neither, but let me see what I can do to duck
out of here without losing too much face."

translation: if you want to go teach yoursef, youre free to. I'm not
puting however many hours in for you for free.
TRANSLATION: I'M JUST SAYING.
 
On Sat, 3 Sep 2011 17:57:46 -0700 (PDT), NT <meow2222@care2.com>
wrote:

On Sep 3, 6:50 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
On Sat, 3 Sep 2011 10:13:51 -0700 (PDT), NT <meow2...@care2.com
wrote:



On Sep 2, 8:41 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
Snipped a lot of repetitious, self serving nonsense.

and if the relay is
designed to operate on AC with a certain RMS current in its coil, how
can it possibly overheat if that current is DC?

With the same current it wont, with higher curren ti will. IIRC you
proposed using 174v rms,

No, I merely added a capacitor across the output of _your_ proposed
full wave rectified 120 VRMS 60Hz source (170V peak) in order to get
smoothed DC closer to the relay's must-make current.

fwliw I said use diodes, you came back with a FW BR. I dont think it
matters.

---
Then show me your circuit.

Just in case you've forgotten, your suggestion was to use a 240V AC
relay using diodes and 120V mains.
---

that would be ok on your specific relay, but
not a universal solution.

???

Your proposd BR+C delivers the right i for one specific relay. For
some relays it will fry them.

---
Show me.

If you want to go get some specs of other relays, you can. This is
starting to get silly.

---
Translation:  "I can do neither, but let me see what I can do to duck
out of here without losing too much face."

translation: if you want to go teach yoursef, youre free to. I'm not
puting however many hours in for you for free.
---
You're the one who made the accusations, copycat, so it's up to you to
prove them.

The fact is, you can't, since you have no working circuit which isn't
a full-wave bridge yet uses more than one diode, and there is no relay
with a 240VAC coil which will fry when driven with perfectly rectified
and smoothed 120VAC.

If you had either you'd post proof but, instead, you choose to be
ignominious.

--
JF
 
On Sat, 3 Sep 2011 20:01:00 -0700 (PDT), "cbarn24050@aol.com"
<cbarn24050@aol.com> wrote:

On Sep 3, 12:41 am, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
On Fri, 2 Sep 2011 15:42:28 -0700 (PDT), "cbarn24...@aol.com"





cbarn24...@aol.com> wrote:
On Sep 2, 3:04 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
On Fri, 2 Sep 2011 05:47:43 -0700 (PDT), "cbarn24...@aol.com"

cbarn24...@aol.com> wrote:
On Aug 30, 6:59 pm, Jeff Liebermann <je...@cruzio.com> wrote:
On Tue, 30 Aug 2011 10:55:10 -0500, Jeffrey Angus <grendel...@aim.com
wrote:

Hasn't anybody read the original question?

Nope.  With 5 groups in the distribution, I just assumed the original
question to not be worth reading.  Besides, some of the groups appear
to be write-only, where nobody (including me) reads the original
question.

That must be the explaination as to why so much crap has been written
on this thread!!

---
The addition of your three turds to this punchbowl certainly isn't
helping, is it?

--
JF

Well they might if you actually read them, I have actually given the
op the correct answer,

---
Really?

Here are your previous posts to this thread:

Your first:

"Finally someone comes up with the correct answer."

Your second:

"Oh they don't do practical here! It's rare for them to get it right
either, this thread is no exception. Some of them even advertise their
place of work! I wonder how much business that has cost them."

Your third:

"That must be the explaination as to why so much crap has been written
on this thread!!"

Which of those gives the correct answer to the OP?

Err the first, maybe you didnt read the post it was replying to.

---

I actually read the question.

---
More's the pity then, since you obviously didn't understand it.

What do you think i didn't understand?


---

Of course your free to ramble on about relays instead of contactors if you like.

---
If you have any capacity for learning, you need to smart up on
reasoning and punctuation before you start talking about shit you know
nothing about.

smarten up John



Just to help you along, here's a clue:

All contactors are relays, but not all relays are contactors.

No there not dopey.
---
Goodbye, inept troll...

PLONK

--
JF
 
On Sun, 4 Sep 2011 06:50:56 -0700 (PDT), NT <meow2222@care2.com>
wrote:

On Sep 4, 11:06 am, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
On Sat, 3 Sep 2011 17:57:46 -0700 (PDT), NT <meow2...@care2.com
wrote:
On Sep 3, 6:50 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
On Sat, 3 Sep 2011 10:13:51 -0700 (PDT), NT <meow2...@care2.com
wrote:
On Sep 2, 8:41 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
Snipped a lot of repetitious, self serving nonsense.

and if the relay is
designed to operate on AC with a certain RMS current in its coil, how
can it possibly overheat if that current is DC?

With the same current it wont, with higher curren ti will. IIRC you
proposed using 174v rms,

No, I merely added a capacitor across the output of _your_ proposed
full wave rectified 120 VRMS 60Hz source (170V peak) in order to get
smoothed DC closer to the relay's must-make current.

fwliw I said use diodes, you came back with a FW BR. I dont think it
matters.

---
Then show me your circuit.

Just in case you've forgotten, your suggestion was to use a 240V AC
relay using diodes and 120V mains.
---

that would be ok on your specific relay, but
not a universal solution.

???

Your proposd BR+C delivers the right i for one specific relay. For
some relays it will fry them.

---
Show me.

If you want to go get some specs of other relays, you can. This is
starting to get silly.

---
Translation:  "I can do neither, but let me see what I can do to duck
out of here without losing too much face."

translation: if you want to go teach yoursef, youre free to. I'm not
puting however many hours in for you for free.

---
You're the one who made the accusations, copycat, so it's up to you to
prove them.

I havent made any accusations
---
OK, then, unsubstantiated claims.
---


The fact is, you can't, since you have no working circuit which isn't
a full-wave bridge yet uses more than one diode,

what are you talking about
---
You don't know?

By claiming to use "diodes" the meaning is taken that more than one
will be used.

My request was simply to show the circuit.

Can you?
---

and there is no relay
with a 240VAC coil which will fry when driven with perfectly rectified
and smoothed 120VAC.

So your sample of one proves it for all relays? Do all have the same L/
R ratio?
---
Unless you can prove my claim is wrong, somehow, my claim stands
undefeated.
---

If you had either you'd post proof but, instead, you choose to be
ignominious.

You get stupid and make personal insults,
---
PKB???
---

AND expect the person you
insult to spend time for you for nothing.
---
I really expect nothing from you, and you may find being called
ignominious insulting, but I was just stating a fact.
---

No, it is not my job, like
everyone here I only write when I have time & feel like it, and its
not my concern whether you look stuff up or not.
---
Well, since it's not my job to do _your_ legwork, and you refuse to
back up what you claim to be true, this discussion is over.

--
JF
 
On Sep 4, 11:06 am, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
On Sat, 3 Sep 2011 17:57:46 -0700 (PDT), NT <meow2...@care2.com
wrote:
On Sep 3, 6:50 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
On Sat, 3 Sep 2011 10:13:51 -0700 (PDT), NT <meow2...@care2.com
wrote:
On Sep 2, 8:41 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
Snipped a lot of repetitious, self serving nonsense.

and if the relay is
designed to operate on AC with a certain RMS current in its coil, how
can it possibly overheat if that current is DC?

With the same current it wont, with higher curren ti will. IIRC you
proposed using 174v rms,

No, I merely added a capacitor across the output of _your_ proposed
full wave rectified 120 VRMS 60Hz source (170V peak) in order to get
smoothed DC closer to the relay's must-make current.

fwliw I said use diodes, you came back with a FW BR. I dont think it
matters.

---
Then show me your circuit.

Just in case you've forgotten, your suggestion was to use a 240V AC
relay using diodes and 120V mains.
---

that would be ok on your specific relay, but
not a universal solution.

???

Your proposd BR+C delivers the right i for one specific relay. For
some relays it will fry them.

---
Show me.

If you want to go get some specs of other relays, you can. This is
starting to get silly.

---
Translation:  "I can do neither, but let me see what I can do to duck
out of here without losing too much face."

translation: if you want to go teach yoursef, youre free to. I'm not
puting however many hours in for you for free.

---
You're the one who made the accusations, copycat, so it's up to you to
prove them.
I havent made any accusations


The fact is, you can't, since you have no working circuit which isn't
a full-wave bridge yet uses more than one diode,
what are you talking about

and there is no relay
with a 240VAC coil which will fry when driven with perfectly rectified
and smoothed 120VAC.
So your sample of one proves it for all relays? Do all have the same L/
R ratio?


If you had either you'd post proof but, instead, you choose to be
ignominious.
You get stupid and make personal insults, AND expect the person you
insult to spend time for you for nothing. No, it is not my job, like
everyone here I only write when I have time & feel like it, and its
not my concern whether you look stuff up or not.
 
On Sep 4, 11:10 am, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
On Sat, 3 Sep 2011 20:01:00 -0700 (PDT), "cbarn24...@aol.com"





cbarn24...@aol.com> wrote:
On Sep 3, 12:41 am, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
On Fri, 2 Sep 2011 15:42:28 -0700 (PDT), "cbarn24...@aol.com"

cbarn24...@aol.com> wrote:
On Sep 2, 3:04 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
On Fri, 2 Sep 2011 05:47:43 -0700 (PDT), "cbarn24...@aol.com"

cbarn24...@aol.com> wrote:
On Aug 30, 6:59 pm, Jeff Liebermann <je...@cruzio.com> wrote:
On Tue, 30 Aug 2011 10:55:10 -0500, Jeffrey Angus <grendel...@aim.com
wrote:

Hasn't anybody read the original question?

Nope.  With 5 groups in the distribution, I just assumed the original
question to not be worth reading.  Besides, some of the groups appear
to be write-only, where nobody (including me) reads the original
question.

That must be the explaination as to why so much crap has been written
on this thread!!

---
The addition of your three turds to this punchbowl certainly isn't
helping, is it?

--
JF

Well they might if you actually read them, I have actually given the
op the correct answer,

---
Really?

Here are your previous posts to this thread:

Your first:

"Finally someone comes up with the correct answer."

Your second:

"Oh they don't do practical here! It's rare for them to get it right
either, this thread is no exception. Some of them even advertise their
place of work! I wonder how much business that has cost them."

Your third:

"That must be the explaination as to why so much crap has been written
on this thread!!"

Which of those gives the correct answer to the OP?

Err the first, maybe you didnt read the post it was replying to.

---

I actually read the question.

---
More's the pity then, since you obviously didn't understand it.

What do you think i didn't understand?

---

Of course your free to ramble on about relays instead of contactors if you like.

---
If you have any capacity for learning, you need to smart up on
reasoning and punctuation before you start talking about shit you know
nothing about.

smarten up John

Just to help you along, here's a clue:

All contactors are relays, but not all relays are contactors.

No there not dopey.

---
Goodbye, inept troll...

PLONK

--
JF- Hide quoted text -

- Show quoted text -
Yes night night, dont forget to take your meds
 
On Sep 4, 3:25 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
On Sun, 4 Sep 2011 06:50:56 -0700 (PDT), NT <meow2...@care2.com
wrote:



On Sep 4, 11:06 am, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
On Sat, 3 Sep 2011 17:57:46 -0700 (PDT), NT <meow2...@care2.com
wrote:
On Sep 3, 6:50 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
On Sat, 3 Sep 2011 10:13:51 -0700 (PDT), NT <meow2...@care2.com
wrote:
On Sep 2, 8:41 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:
Snipped a lot of repetitious, self serving nonsense.

and if the relay is
designed to operate on AC with a certain RMS current in its coil, how
can it possibly overheat if that current is DC?

With the same current it wont, with higher curren ti will. IIRC you
proposed using 174v rms,

No, I merely added a capacitor across the output of _your_ proposed
full wave rectified 120 VRMS 60Hz source (170V peak) in order to get
smoothed DC closer to the relay's must-make current.

fwliw I said use diodes, you came back with a FW BR. I dont think it
matters.

---
Then show me your circuit.

Just in case you've forgotten, your suggestion was to use a 240V AC
relay using diodes and 120V mains.
---

that would be ok on your specific relay, but
not a universal solution.

???

Your proposd BR+C delivers the right i for one specific relay. For
some relays it will fry them.

---
Show me.

If you want to go get some specs of other relays, you can. This is
starting to get silly.

---
Translation:  "I can do neither, but let me see what I can do to duck
out of here without losing too much face."

translation: if you want to go teach yoursef, youre free to. I'm not
puting however many hours in for you for free.

---
You're the one who made the accusations, copycat, so it's up to you to
prove them.

I havent made any accusations

---
OK, then, unsubstantiated claims.
---

The fact is, you can't, since you have no working circuit which isn't
a full-wave bridge yet uses more than one diode,

what are you talking about

---
You don't know?

By claiming to use "diodes" the meaning is taken that more than one
will be used.

My request was simply to show the circuit.

Can you?
---  

and there is no relay
with a 240VAC coil which will fry when driven with perfectly rectified
and smoothed 120VAC.

So your sample of one proves it for all relays? Do all have the same L/
R ratio?

---
Unless you can prove my claim is wrong, somehow, my claim stands
undefeated.
---

If you had either you'd post proof but, instead, you choose to be
ignominious.

You get stupid and make personal insults,

---
PKB???
---

AND expect the person you
insult to spend time for you for nothing.

---
I really expect nothing from you, and you may find being called
ignominious insulting, but I was just stating a fact.
---

No, it is not my job, like
everyone here I only write when I have time & feel like it, and its
not my concern whether you look stuff up or not.

---
Well, since it's not my job to do _your_ legwork, and you refuse to
back up what you claim to be true, this discussion is over.

--
JF
what a waste of time
 
NT wrote:
On Sep 2, 8:41 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:

Snipped a lot of repetitious, self serving nonsense.


and if the relay is
designed to operate on AC with a certain RMS current in its coil, how
can it possibly overheat if that current is DC?

With the same current it wont, with higher curren ti will. IIRC you
proposed using 174v rms,

No, I merely added a capacitor across the output of _your_ proposed
full wave rectified 120 VRMS 60Hz source (170V peak) in order to get
smoothed DC closer to the relay's must-make current.

fwliw I said use diodes, you came back with a FW BR. I dont think it
matters.

---
Then show me your circuit.

Just in case you've forgotten, your suggestion was to use a 240V AC
relay using diodes and 120V mains.
---


that would be ok on your specific relay, but
not a universal solution.

???

Your proposd BR+C delivers the right i for one specific relay. For
some relays it will fry them.

---
Show me.


If you want to go get some specs of other relays, you can. This is
starting to get silly.
Worth investigating, to me. JF gave a specific relay & numbers. I
tried to find a relay to support the idea that an AC/DC relay would
be happy with DC voltage about 50% of AC rating. Can you please
provide a reference?

Meanwhile, what I did find was an ap note from Tyco entitled
"Operating DC Relays from AC and Vice-Versa" .
http://relays.te.com/appnotes/app_pdfs/13c3250.pdf

It does not agree with the DC at ~50% of AC rating idea. It uses
the example of a KR series relay coil. Their example uses a 12
volt AC relay fed by DC. The example states that the "DC voltage
cannot exceed 9.8 volts", and "should not be lower than 7.35 volts".
Thus the DC range would be ~61%(minimum) to ~81% (maximum) of the
12VAC rating.

Extrapolating, it does agree with the idea of BR+C fed by 120 for
the 240 volt relay, insofar as the DC voltage:
~146VDC min to ~194VDC max, which makes the midpoint ~170VDC.
That's very close to ~168 from the BR+C

Regarding coil ratings, I've worked with DC relays, and I've worked
with AC relays, but I haven't worked with AC/DC coil relays, so
I can't speak from experience with them, and I haven't found
anything yet specifically dealing with that, other than the
link I found to Tyco. So a specific link or links would be
most helpful.

Thanks,
Ed
 
ehsjr wrote:
NT wrote:

On Sep 2, 8:41 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:

Snipped a lot of repetitious, self serving nonsense.


and if the relay is
designed to operate on AC with a certain RMS current in its coil,
how
can it possibly overheat if that current is DC?


With the same current it wont, with higher curren ti will. IIRC you
proposed using 174v rms,


No, I merely added a capacitor across the output of _your_ proposed
full wave rectified 120 VRMS 60Hz source (170V peak) in order to get
smoothed DC closer to the relay's must-make current.


fwliw I said use diodes, you came back with a FW BR. I dont think it
matters.


---
Then show me your circuit.

Just in case you've forgotten, your suggestion was to use a 240V AC
relay using diodes and 120V mains.
---


that would be ok on your specific relay, but
not a universal solution.


???


Your proposd BR+C delivers the right i for one specific relay. For
some relays it will fry them.


---
Show me.



If you want to go get some specs of other relays, you can. This is
starting to get silly.


Worth investigating, to me. JF gave a specific relay & numbers. I
tried to find a relay to support the idea that an AC/DC relay would
be happy with DC voltage about 50% of AC rating. Can you please
provide a reference?

Meanwhile, what I did find was an ap note from Tyco entitled
"Operating DC Relays from AC and Vice-Versa" .
http://relays.te.com/appnotes/app_pdfs/13c3250.pdf

It does not agree with the DC at ~50% of AC rating idea. It uses
the example of a KR series relay coil. Their example uses a 12
volt AC relay fed by DC. The example states that the "DC voltage
cannot exceed 9.8 volts", and "should not be lower than 7.35 volts".
Thus the DC range would be ~61%(minimum) to ~81% (maximum) of the
12VAC rating.

Extrapolating, it does agree with the idea of BR+C fed by 120 for
the 240 volt relay, insofar as the DC voltage:
~146VDC min to ~194VDC max, which makes the midpoint ~170VDC.
That's very close to ~168 from the BR+C

Regarding coil ratings, I've worked with DC relays, and I've worked
with AC relays, but I haven't worked with AC/DC coil relays, so
I can't speak from experience with them, and I haven't found
anything yet specifically dealing with that, other than the
link I found to Tyco. So a specific link or links would be
most helpful.

Thanks,
Ed
You must remember that AC coil relays are wound a little different,
its not just induction here. Inter pole windings help keep the AC coil
from chattering the armature. I am sure under DC operation, this may
effect the calculations.

There are some AC coil relays that do not do this and thus the 50%
voltage for DC should come close, but then again, DC R in the coil also
plays a role in this.

Jamie
 
Jamie wrote:
ehsjr wrote:

NT wrote:

On Sep 2, 8:41 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:

Snipped a lot of repetitious, self serving nonsense.


and if the relay is
designed to operate on AC with a certain RMS current in its
coil, how
can it possibly overheat if that current is DC?



With the same current it wont, with higher curren ti will. IIRC you
proposed using 174v rms,



No, I merely added a capacitor across the output of _your_ proposed
full wave rectified 120 VRMS 60Hz source (170V peak) in order to get
smoothed DC closer to the relay's must-make current.



fwliw I said use diodes, you came back with a FW BR. I dont think it
matters.



---
Then show me your circuit.

Just in case you've forgotten, your suggestion was to use a 240V AC
relay using diodes and 120V mains.
---


that would be ok on your specific relay, but
not a universal solution.



???



Your proposd BR+C delivers the right i for one specific relay. For
some relays it will fry them.



---
Show me.




If you want to go get some specs of other relays, you can. This is
starting to get silly.



Worth investigating, to me. JF gave a specific relay & numbers. I
tried to find a relay to support the idea that an AC/DC relay would
be happy with DC voltage about 50% of AC rating. Can you please
provide a reference?

Meanwhile, what I did find was an ap note from Tyco entitled
"Operating DC Relays from AC and Vice-Versa" .
http://relays.te.com/appnotes/app_pdfs/13c3250.pdf

It does not agree with the DC at ~50% of AC rating idea. It uses
the example of a KR series relay coil. Their example uses a 12
volt AC relay fed by DC. The example states that the "DC voltage
cannot exceed 9.8 volts", and "should not be lower than 7.35 volts".
Thus the DC range would be ~61%(minimum) to ~81% (maximum) of the
12VAC rating.

Extrapolating, it does agree with the idea of BR+C fed by 120 for
the 240 volt relay, insofar as the DC voltage:
~146VDC min to ~194VDC max, which makes the midpoint ~170VDC.
That's very close to ~168 from the BR+C

Regarding coil ratings, I've worked with DC relays, and I've worked
with AC relays, but I haven't worked with AC/DC coil relays, so
I can't speak from experience with them, and I haven't found
anything yet specifically dealing with that, other than the
link I found to Tyco. So a specific link or links would be
most helpful.

Thanks,
Ed

You must remember that AC coil relays are wound a little different,
its not just induction here. Inter pole windings help keep the AC coil
from chattering the armature. I am sure under DC operation, this may
effect the calculations.

There are some AC coil relays that do not do this and thus the 50%
voltage for DC should come close, but then again, DC R in the coil also
plays a role in this.

Jamie
Your post contains nothing specific and does not address
my question.

I am looking for a specific link or links that shows a datasheet,
ap note, or example of a relay that NT has in mind. Do you have one?

I want specifics, like John Fields posted; the specs that NT
said you could get: "If you want to go get some specs of other
relays, you can." The specs I have been able to find so far
do not demonstrate what NT was talking about, thus my post
asking for a reference.

Ed
 
ehsjr wrote:
Jamie wrote:

ehsjr wrote:

NT wrote:

On Sep 2, 8:41 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:

Snipped a lot of repetitious, self serving nonsense.


and if the relay is
designed to operate on AC with a certain RMS current in its
coil, how
can it possibly overheat if that current is DC?




With the same current it wont, with higher curren ti will. IIRC you
proposed using 174v rms,




No, I merely added a capacitor across the output of _your_ proposed
full wave rectified 120 VRMS 60Hz source (170V peak) in order to get
smoothed DC closer to the relay's must-make current.




fwliw I said use diodes, you came back with a FW BR. I dont think it
matters.




---
Then show me your circuit.

Just in case you've forgotten, your suggestion was to use a 240V AC
relay using diodes and 120V mains.
---


that would be ok on your specific relay, but
not a universal solution.




???




Your proposd BR+C delivers the right i for one specific relay. For
some relays it will fry them.




---
Show me.





If you want to go get some specs of other relays, you can. This is
starting to get silly.




Worth investigating, to me. JF gave a specific relay & numbers. I
tried to find a relay to support the idea that an AC/DC relay would
be happy with DC voltage about 50% of AC rating. Can you please
provide a reference?

Meanwhile, what I did find was an ap note from Tyco entitled
"Operating DC Relays from AC and Vice-Versa" .
http://relays.te.com/appnotes/app_pdfs/13c3250.pdf

It does not agree with the DC at ~50% of AC rating idea. It uses
the example of a KR series relay coil. Their example uses a 12
volt AC relay fed by DC. The example states that the "DC voltage
cannot exceed 9.8 volts", and "should not be lower than 7.35 volts".
Thus the DC range would be ~61%(minimum) to ~81% (maximum) of the
12VAC rating.

Extrapolating, it does agree with the idea of BR+C fed by 120 for
the 240 volt relay, insofar as the DC voltage:
~146VDC min to ~194VDC max, which makes the midpoint ~170VDC.
That's very close to ~168 from the BR+C

Regarding coil ratings, I've worked with DC relays, and I've worked
with AC relays, but I haven't worked with AC/DC coil relays, so
I can't speak from experience with them, and I haven't found
anything yet specifically dealing with that, other than the
link I found to Tyco. So a specific link or links would be
most helpful.

Thanks,
Ed


You must remember that AC coil relays are wound a little different,
its not just induction here. Inter pole windings help keep the AC coil
from chattering the armature. I am sure under DC operation, this may
effect the calculations.

There are some AC coil relays that do not do this and thus the 50%
voltage for DC should come close, but then again, DC R in the coil also
plays a role in this.

Jamie


Your post contains nothing specific and does not address
my question.

I am looking for a specific link or links that shows a datasheet,
ap note, or example of a relay that NT has in mind. Do you have one?

I want specifics, like John Fields posted; the specs that NT
said you could get: "If you want to go get some specs of other
relays, you can." The specs I have been able to find so far
do not demonstrate what NT was talking about, thus my post
asking for a reference.

Ed
Don't be anal, they make relays that will do AD/DC because they have a
diode imbedded in them. The voltage ratings are the same. The coil is
actually of DC type.. They also have relays with shunt diodes built into
them, for those you need to insure the polarity is correct and are
strictly DC only.

We also deal with solenoids to operate in the same manner..

Scroll down and read about AC coils, I am sure if you're looking for
some more detailed information you can find it, but this will explain
some of the differences.

http://www.ehow.com/about_6498402_difference-ac-dc-relay-coil.html


Jamie
 
The Ghost In The Machine wrote:

On Sep 8, 11:23 am, Jamie
jamie_ka1lpa_not_valid_after_ka1l...@charter.net> wrote:

ehsjr wrote:

Jamie wrote:

ehsjr wrote:

NT wrote:

On Sep 2, 8:41 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:

Snipped a lot of repetitious, self serving nonsense.

and if the relay is
designed to operate on AC with a certain RMS current in its
coil, how
can it possibly overheat if that current is DC?

With the same current it wont, with higher curren ti will. IIRC you
proposed using 174v rms,

No, I merely added a capacitor across the output of _your_ proposed
full wave rectified 120 VRMS 60Hz source (170V peak) in order to get
smoothed DC closer to the relay's must-make current.

fwliw I said use diodes, you came back with a FW BR. I dont think it
matters.

---
Then show me your circuit.

Just in case you've forgotten, your suggestion was to use a 240V AC
relay using diodes and 120V mains.
---

that would be ok on your specific relay, but
not a universal solution.

???

Your proposd BR+C delivers the right i for one specific relay. For
some relays it will fry them.

---
Show me.

If you want to go get some specs of other relays, you can. This is
starting to get silly.

Worth investigating, to me. JF gave a specific relay & numbers. I
tried to find a relay to support the idea that an AC/DC relay would
be happy with DC voltage about 50% of AC rating. Can you please
provide a reference?

Meanwhile, what I did find was an ap note from Tyco entitled
"Operating DC Relays from AC and Vice-Versa" .
http://relays.te.com/appnotes/app_pdfs/13c3250.pdf

It does not agree with the DC at ~50% of AC rating idea. It uses
the example of a KR series relay coil. Their example uses a 12
volt AC relay fed by DC. The example states that the "DC voltage
cannot exceed 9.8 volts", and "should not be lower than 7.35 volts".
Thus the DC range would be ~61%(minimum) to ~81% (maximum) of the
12VAC rating.

Extrapolating, it does agree with the idea of BR+C fed by 120 for
the 240 volt relay, insofar as the DC voltage:
~146VDC min to ~194VDC max, which makes the midpoint ~170VDC.
That's very close to ~168 from the BR+C

Regarding coil ratings, I've worked with DC relays, and I've worked
with AC relays, but I haven't worked with AC/DC coil relays, so
I can't speak from experience with them, and I haven't found
anything yet specifically dealing with that, other than the
link I found to Tyco. So a specific link or links would be
most helpful.

Thanks,
Ed

You must remember that AC coil relays are wound a little different,
its not just induction here. Inter pole windings help keep the AC coil
from chattering the armature. I am sure under DC operation, this may
effect the calculations.

There are some AC coil relays that do not do this and thus the 50%
voltage for DC should come close, but then again, DC R in the coil also
plays a role in this.

Jamie

Your post contains nothing specific and does not address
my question.

I am looking for a specific link or links that shows a datasheet,
ap note, or example of a relay that NT has in mind. Do you have one?

I want specifics, like John Fields posted; the specs that NT
said you could get: "If you want to go get some specs of other
relays, you can." The specs I have been able to find so far
do not demonstrate what NT was talking about, thus my post
asking for a reference.

Ed

Don't be anal, they make relays that will do AD/DC because they have a
diode imbedded in them. The voltage ratings are the same. The coil is
actually of DC type.. They also have relays with shunt diodes built into
them, for those you need to insure the polarity is correct and are
strictly DC only.

We also deal with solenoids to operate in the same manner..

Scroll down and read about AC coils, I am sure if you're looking for
some more detailed information you can find it, but this will explain
some of the differences.

http://www.ehow.com/about_6498402_difference-ac-dc-relay-coil.html

Jamie


First you tell him not to be anal then you lube him up really good
then you ram your howdy doody linkage , what's up kiddo?
BOOWAHAHA...I JUST HAD TO, YOU HAD TO:) LOL
MOST UNIVERSAL MODELS ARE SOMEWHAT ERRATIC & DUBIOUS.
EUROS AND AMERICANS WILL ALWAYS BE THEMSELVES, BEST CAN BE DONE IS PUT
TO USE A CONVERTER DEVICE HARMONIC WITH BOTH WAVES PHI's. OR FREQUENCY
TO OR FROM THE INSTINCTIVE DEVICE BE IT AC OR DC PLAIN COIL OR
CONTACTOR WHICH IS HIS CONUNDRUM.

PLEASE SEND YOUR ARGUMENTS TO WHO GIVES A FLYING FUCK.COM :)

TGITM
You must? You read and replied to it. It didn't concern you one bit how
ever, you were interested enough to push those fat fingers along while
burning all those calories sitting on your fat ass, just to post your
dumb shit..


You are taking up valuable space, move on and allow some one more
deserving to fill that gap.

Jamie
 
On Sep 8, 11:23 am, Jamie
<jamie_ka1lpa_not_valid_after_ka1l...@charter.net> wrote:
ehsjr wrote:
Jamie wrote:

ehsjr wrote:

NT wrote:

On Sep 2, 8:41 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:

Snipped a lot of repetitious, self serving nonsense.

and if the relay is
designed to operate on AC with a certain RMS current in its
coil, how
can it possibly overheat if that current is DC?

With the same current it wont, with higher curren ti will. IIRC you
proposed using 174v rms,

No, I merely added a capacitor across the output of _your_ proposed
full wave rectified 120 VRMS 60Hz source (170V peak) in order to get
smoothed DC closer to the relay's must-make current.

fwliw I said use diodes, you came back with a FW BR. I dont think it
matters.

---
Then show me your circuit.

Just in case you've forgotten, your suggestion was to use a 240V AC
relay using diodes and 120V mains.
---

that would be ok on your specific relay, but
not a universal solution.

???

Your proposd BR+C delivers the right i for one specific relay. For
some relays it will fry them.

---
Show me.

If you want to go get some specs of other relays, you can. This is
starting to get silly.

Worth investigating, to me. JF gave a specific relay & numbers.  I
tried to find a relay to support the idea that an AC/DC relay would
be happy with DC voltage about 50% of AC rating.  Can you please
provide a reference?

Meanwhile, what I did find was an ap note from Tyco entitled
"Operating DC Relays from AC and Vice-Versa" .
http://relays.te.com/appnotes/app_pdfs/13c3250.pdf

It does not agree with the DC at ~50% of AC rating idea. It uses
the example of a KR series relay coil. Their example uses a 12
volt AC relay fed by DC.  The example states that the "DC voltage
cannot exceed 9.8 volts", and "should not be lower than 7.35 volts".
Thus the DC range would be ~61%(minimum) to ~81% (maximum) of the
12VAC rating.

Extrapolating, it does agree with the idea of BR+C fed by 120 for
the 240 volt relay, insofar as the DC voltage:
~146VDC min to ~194VDC max, which makes the midpoint ~170VDC.
That's very close to ~168 from the BR+C

Regarding coil ratings, I've worked with DC relays, and I've worked
with AC relays, but I haven't worked with AC/DC coil relays, so
I can't speak from experience with them, and I haven't found
anything yet specifically dealing with that, other than the
link I found to Tyco.  So a specific link or links would be
most helpful.

Thanks,
Ed

  You must remember that AC coil relays are wound a little different,
its not just induction here. Inter pole windings help keep the AC coil
from chattering the armature. I am sure under DC operation, this may
effect the calculations.

  There are some AC coil relays that do not do this and thus the 50%
voltage for DC should come close, but then again, DC R in the coil also
 plays a role in this.

 Jamie

Your post contains nothing specific and does not address
my question.

I am looking for a specific link or links that shows a datasheet,
ap note, or example of a relay that NT has in mind. Do you have one?

I want specifics, like John Fields posted; the specs that NT
said you could get: "If you want to go get some specs of other
relays, you can."  The specs I have been able to find so far
do not demonstrate what NT was talking about, thus my post
asking for a reference.

Ed

Don't be anal, they make relays that will do AD/DC because they have a
diode imbedded in them. The voltage ratings are the same. The coil is
actually of DC type.. They also have relays with shunt diodes built into
them, for those you need to insure the polarity is correct and are
strictly DC only.

   We also deal with solenoids to operate in the same manner..

Scroll down and read about AC coils, I am sure if you're looking for
some more detailed information you can find it, but this will explain
some of the differences.

http://www.ehow.com/about_6498402_difference-ac-dc-relay-coil.html

Jamie
First you tell him not to be anal then you lube him up really good
then you ram your howdy doody linkage , what's up kiddo?
BOOWAHAHA...I JUST HAD TO, YOU HAD TO:) LOL
MOST UNIVERSAL MODELS ARE SOMEWHAT ERRATIC & DUBIOUS.
EUROS AND AMERICANS WILL ALWAYS BE THEMSELVES, BEST CAN BE DONE IS PUT
TO USE A CONVERTER DEVICE HARMONIC WITH BOTH WAVES PHI's. OR FREQUENCY
TO OR FROM THE INSTINCTIVE DEVICE BE IT AC OR DC PLAIN COIL OR
CONTACTOR WHICH IS HIS CONUNDRUM.

PLEASE SEND YOUR ARGUMENTS TO WHO GIVES A FLYING FUCK.COM :)

TGITM
 
On Sep 8, 2:30 pm, Jamie
<jamie_ka1lpa_not_valid_after_ka1l...@charter.net> wrote:
The Ghost In The Machine wrote:





On Sep 8, 11:23 am, Jamie
jamie_ka1lpa_not_valid_after_ka1l...@charter.net> wrote:

ehsjr wrote:

Jamie wrote:

ehsjr wrote:

NT wrote:

On Sep 2, 8:41 pm, John Fields <jfie...@austininstruments.com> wrote:

Snipped a lot of repetitious, self serving nonsense.

and if the relay is
designed to operate on AC with a certain RMS current in its
coil, how
can it possibly overheat if that current is DC?

With the same current it wont, with higher curren ti will. IIRC you
proposed using 174v rms,

No, I merely added a capacitor across the output of _your_ proposed
full wave rectified 120 VRMS 60Hz source (170V peak) in order to get
smoothed DC closer to the relay's must-make current.

fwliw I said use diodes, you came back with a FW BR. I dont think it
matters.

---
Then show me your circuit.

Just in case you've forgotten, your suggestion was to use a 240V AC
relay using diodes and 120V mains.
---

that would be ok on your specific relay, but
not a universal solution.

???

Your proposd BR+C delivers the right i for one specific relay. For
some relays it will fry them.

---
Show me.

If you want to go get some specs of other relays, you can. This is
starting to get silly.

Worth investigating, to me. JF gave a specific relay & numbers.  I
tried to find a relay to support the idea that an AC/DC relay would
be happy with DC voltage about 50% of AC rating.  Can you please
provide a reference?

Meanwhile, what I did find was an ap note from Tyco entitled
"Operating DC Relays from AC and Vice-Versa" .
http://relays.te.com/appnotes/app_pdfs/13c3250.pdf

It does not agree with the DC at ~50% of AC rating idea. It uses
the example of a KR series relay coil. Their example uses a 12
volt AC relay fed by DC.  The example states that the "DC voltage
cannot exceed 9.8 volts", and "should not be lower than 7.35 volts".
Thus the DC range would be ~61%(minimum) to ~81% (maximum) of the
12VAC rating.

Extrapolating, it does agree with the idea of BR+C fed by 120 for
the 240 volt relay, insofar as the DC voltage:
~146VDC min to ~194VDC max, which makes the midpoint ~170VDC.
That's very close to ~168 from the BR+C

Regarding coil ratings, I've worked with DC relays, and I've worked
with AC relays, but I haven't worked with AC/DC coil relays, so
I can't speak from experience with them, and I haven't found
anything yet specifically dealing with that, other than the
link I found to Tyco.  So a specific link or links would be
most helpful.

Thanks,
Ed

 You must remember that AC coil relays are wound a little different,
its not just induction here. Inter pole windings help keep the AC coil
from chattering the armature. I am sure under DC operation, this may
effect the calculations.

 There are some AC coil relays that do not do this and thus the 50%
voltage for DC should come close, but then again, DC R in the coil also
plays a role in this.

Jamie

Your post contains nothing specific and does not address
my question.

I am looking for a specific link or links that shows a datasheet,
ap note, or example of a relay that NT has in mind. Do you have one?

I want specifics, like John Fields posted; the specs that NT
said you could get: "If you want to go get some specs of other
relays, you can."  The specs I have been able to find so far
do not demonstrate what NT was talking about, thus my post
asking for a reference.

Ed

Don't be anal, they make relays that will do AD/DC because they have a
diode imbedded in them. The voltage ratings are the same. The coil is
actually of DC type.. They also have relays with shunt diodes built into
them, for those you need to insure the polarity is correct and are
strictly DC only.

  We also deal with solenoids to operate in the same manner..

Scroll down and read about AC coils, I am sure if you're looking for
some more detailed information you can find it, but this will explain
some of the differences.

http://www.ehow.com/about_6498402_difference-ac-dc-relay-coil.html

Jamie

First you tell him not to be anal then you lube him up really good
then you ram your howdy doody linkage , what's up kiddo?
BOOWAHAHA...I JUST HAD TO, YOU HAD TO:) LOL
MOST UNIVERSAL MODELS ARE SOMEWHAT ERRATIC & DUBIOUS.
EUROS AND AMERICANS WILL ALWAYS BE THEMSELVES, BEST CAN BE DONE IS PUT
TO USE A CONVERTER DEVICE HARMONIC WITH BOTH WAVES PHI's. OR FREQUENCY
TO OR FROM THE INSTINCTIVE DEVICE BE IT AC OR DC  PLAIN COIL OR
CONTACTOR WHICH IS HIS CONUNDRUM.

PLEASE SEND YOUR ARGUMENTS TO WHO GIVES A FLYING FUCK.COM :)

TGITM

You must? You read and replied to it. It didn't concern you one bit how
ever, you were interested enough to push those fat fingers along while
burning all those calories sitting on your fat ass, just to post your
dumb shit..

   You are taking up valuable space, move on and allow some one more
deserving to fill that gap.

Jamie
YOU THINK YOU KNOW SOMEONE MORE DESERVING?
FUCK YOU CUMSHOT..GO POP YOUR LOAD SOMEWHERE ELSE.
TELL YOUR FAT ASS FATHER I AM POSTING HIS NAME AS A REFERNCE ON A
HAUNTED HOUSE I HAVE MY EYES ON......BOOWAHAHAHAHA!
AND DONT ASK ME TO BILL THE GROUP FOR MY SERVICES EITHER.
THIS IS HOW WE DO IT.
PATECUM
TGITM
 

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