A "transceiver" is just a glued together word that means a glued together
device: the combination of a transmitter and a receiver. It usually refers
to radio. A walkie-talkie is a transceiver; so is a cell phone. Your car
radio is not a transceiver; it's just a receiver.
A "transducer" is anything that converts one form of energy into another.
Some examples: a loudspeaker is a transducer, because it converts electrical
energy into acoustic energy. A microphone is also a transducer (acoustic
energy to electrical energy). A flashlight bulb is a transducer. So is a
solar cell. Sometimes the concept gets broadened to include sensors, that
is, things that convert energy into a control signal - for instance, a
photosensitive resistor, which converts light into a change in resistance.
I can't tell you "how they work" because there are too many different types.
If you provide more context, perhaps.
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