Simulation Device... Keyed Peak Detector

J

Jim Thompson

Guest
I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...

Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?

(Ideal elements)

...Jim Thompson
--
| James E.Thompson, P.E. | mens |
| Analog Innovations, Inc. | et |
| Analog/Mixed-Signal ASIC's and Discrete Systems | manus |
| Phoenix, Arizona 85048 Skype: Contacts Only | |
| Voice:(480)460-2350 Fax: Available upon request | Brass Rat |
| E-mail Icon at http://www.analog-innovations.com | 1962 |

America: Land of the Free, Because of the Brave
 
Jim Thompson wrote:
I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...
Ask someone at IPCC. They'll find every peak even if it ain't there :)

SCNR.


Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?

(Ideal elements)
Aside from math, can't you use a buffer with (near) zero Zout, an ideal
diode, a wee cap? Then when it's keyed off use a FET with 1 femto-ohm
Rdson to short out the cap.

--
Regards, Joerg

http://www.analogconsultants.com/

"gmail" domain blocked because of excessive spam.
Use another domain or send PM.
 
On Wed, 28 May 2008 14:27:16 -0700, Joerg
<notthisjoergsch@removethispacbell.net> wrote:

Jim Thompson wrote:
I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...


Ask someone at IPCC. They'll find every peak even if it ain't there :)

SCNR.


Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?

(Ideal elements)


Aside from math, can't you use a buffer with (near) zero Zout, an ideal
diode, a wee cap? Then when it's keyed off use a FET with 1 femto-ohm
Rdson to short out the cap.
Except that ideal diodes tend not to converge. I'm looking for some
mathematical method that is "smooth" ;-)

...Jim Thompson
--
| James E.Thompson, P.E. | mens |
| Analog Innovations, Inc. | et |
| Analog/Mixed-Signal ASIC's and Discrete Systems | manus |
| Phoenix, Arizona 85048 Skype: Contacts Only | |
| Voice:(480)460-2350 Fax: Available upon request | Brass Rat |
| E-mail Icon at http://www.analog-innovations.com | 1962 |

America: Land of the Free, Because of the Brave
 
Jim Thompson wrote:
On Wed, 28 May 2008 14:27:16 -0700, Joerg
notthisjoergsch@removethispacbell.net> wrote:

Jim Thompson wrote:
I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...

Ask someone at IPCC. They'll find every peak even if it ain't there :)

SCNR.


Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?

(Ideal elements)

Aside from math, can't you use a buffer with (near) zero Zout, an ideal
diode, a wee cap? Then when it's keyed off use a FET with 1 femto-ohm
Rdson to short out the cap.

Except that ideal diodes tend not to converge. I'm looking for some
mathematical method that is "smooth" ;-)
Maybe you can start with this scenario:
http://www.spectrum-soft.com/news/summer2007/peak.shtm

--
Regards, Joerg

http://www.analogconsultants.com/

"gmail" domain blocked because of excessive spam.
Use another domain or send PM.
 
Jim Thompson wrote:
I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...

Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?

That sounds like the old 'Keyed AGC' on TVs. A pulse from the flyback
set a reference once each line, then the detected signal level was used
to set the RF & IF gain.


--
http://improve-usenet.org/index.html

If you have broadband, your ISP may have a NNTP news server included in
your account: http://www.usenettools.net/ISP.htm

Sporadic E is the Earth's aluminum foil beanie for the 'global warming'
sheep.
 
Michael A. Terrell wrote:
Jim Thompson wrote:
I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...

Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?


That sounds like the old 'Keyed AGC' on TVs. A pulse from the flyback
set a reference once each line, then the detected signal level was used
to set the RF & IF gain.
It's the other way around, like the fast-attack/slow-release AGC in
single sideband receivers. Except that Jim wants to reset it when keyed off.

I rarely have to use that in SPICE but stuff like this I mostly fudge
out of real parts with the important values at the extremes, where the
computer doesn't beep and the results are still reasonably accurate.

--
Regards, Joerg

http://www.analogconsultants.com/

"gmail" domain blocked because of excessive spam.
Use another domain or send PM.
 
Joerg wrote:
Michael A. Terrell wrote:

That sounds like the old 'Keyed AGC' on TVs. A pulse from the flyback
set a reference once each line, then the detected signal level was used
to set the RF & IF gain.

It's the other way around, like the fast-attack/slow-release AGC in
single sideband receivers. Except that Jim wants to reset it when keyed off.

The concept was the same though. You had a fixed reference level to
compare the signal to, and used the recovered peak as needed.


I rarely have to use that in SPICE but stuff like this I mostly fudge
out of real parts with the important values at the extremes, where the
computer doesn't beep and the results are still reasonably accurate.

--
http://improve-usenet.org/index.html

If you have broadband, your ISP may have a NNTP news server included in
your account: http://www.usenettools.net/ISP.htm

Sporadic E is the Earth's aluminum foil beanie for the 'global warming'
sheep.
 
Jim Thompson a écrit :
On Wed, 28 May 2008 14:27:16 -0700, Joerg
notthisjoergsch@removethispacbell.net> wrote:

Jim Thompson wrote:
I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...

Ask someone at IPCC. They'll find every peak even if it ain't there :)

SCNR.


Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?

(Ideal elements)

Aside from math, can't you use a buffer with (near) zero Zout, an ideal
diode, a wee cap? Then when it's keyed off use a FET with 1 femto-ohm
Rdson to short out the cap.

Except that ideal diodes tend not to converge. I'm looking for some
mathematical method that is "smooth" ;-)
A limited high gain VCVS used as "comparator", a smooth tanh switch and
a zero soakage cap?

Don't know if the two first exist in PSPICE.

--
Thanks,
Fred.
 
Fred Bartoli wrote:
Jim Thompson a écrit :
On Wed, 28 May 2008 14:27:16 -0700, Joerg
notthisjoergsch@removethispacbell.net> wrote:

Jim Thompson wrote:
I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...

Ask someone at IPCC. They'll find every peak even if it ain't there :)

SCNR.


Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?

(Ideal elements)

Aside from math, can't you use a buffer with (near) zero Zout, an
ideal diode, a wee cap? Then when it's keyed off use a FET with 1
femto-ohm Rdson to short out the cap.

Except that ideal diodes tend not to converge. I'm looking for some
mathematical method that is "smooth" ;-)


A limited high gain VCVS used as "comparator", a smooth tanh switch and
a zero soakage cap?

Don't know if the two first exist in PSPICE.
In SPICE one can simulate a deliciuous meal that has almost zero
calories, no fat and will not add one gram of weight to your body. Then
when you actually cook and eat it the cholesterol shoots way up.

--
Regards, Joerg

http://www.analogconsultants.com/

"gmail" domain blocked because of excessive spam.
Use another domain or send PM.
 
On Thu, 29 May 2008 11:11:17 +0200, Fred Bartoli <" "> wrote:

Jim Thompson a écrit :
On Wed, 28 May 2008 14:27:16 -0700, Joerg
notthisjoergsch@removethispacbell.net> wrote:

Jim Thompson wrote:
I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...

Ask someone at IPCC. They'll find every peak even if it ain't there :)

SCNR.


Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?

(Ideal elements)

Aside from math, can't you use a buffer with (near) zero Zout, an ideal
diode, a wee cap? Then when it's keyed off use a FET with 1 femto-ohm
Rdson to short out the cap.

Except that ideal diodes tend not to converge. I'm looking for some
mathematical method that is "smooth" ;-)


A limited high gain VCVS used as "comparator", a smooth tanh switch and
a zero soakage cap?

Don't know if the two first exist in PSPICE.
Great minds think alike ;-)

I'm working along the lines of a VCCS with the current that is offset
TANH, for good convergence.

...Jim Thompson
--
| James E.Thompson, P.E. | mens |
| Analog Innovations, Inc. | et |
| Analog/Mixed-Signal ASIC's and Discrete Systems | manus |
| Phoenix, Arizona 85048 Skype: Contacts Only | |
| Voice:(480)460-2350 Fax: Available upon request | Brass Rat |
| E-mail Icon at http://www.analog-innovations.com | 1962 |

America: Land of the Free, Because of the Brave
 
On Thu, 29 May 2008 11:11:17 +0200, Fred Bartoli <" "> wrote:

Jim Thompson a écrit :
On Wed, 28 May 2008 14:27:16 -0700, Joerg
notthisjoergsch@removethispacbell.net> wrote:

Jim Thompson wrote:
I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...

Ask someone at IPCC. They'll find every peak even if it ain't there :)

SCNR.


Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?

(Ideal elements)

Aside from math, can't you use a buffer with (near) zero Zout, an ideal
diode, a wee cap? Then when it's keyed off use a FET with 1 femto-ohm
Rdson to short out the cap.

Except that ideal diodes tend not to converge. I'm looking for some
mathematical method that is "smooth" ;-)


A limited high gain VCVS used as "comparator", a smooth tanh switch and
a zero soakage cap?

Don't know if the two first exist in PSPICE.
Newsgroups: alt.binaries.schematics.electronic
Subject: TANH Rectifier (From SED) - TANH-Rectifier.pdf
Message-ID: <5qpt341224aj2dncuattqv3o88c84mb9t3@4ax.com>

...Jim Thompson
--
| James E.Thompson, P.E. | mens |
| Analog Innovations, Inc. | et |
| Analog/Mixed-Signal ASIC's and Discrete Systems | manus |
| Phoenix, Arizona 85048 Skype: Contacts Only | |
| Voice:(480)460-2350 Fax: Available upon request | Brass Rat |
| E-mail Icon at http://www.analog-innovations.com | 1962 |

America: Land of the Free, Because of the Brave
 
On Wed, 28 May 2008 14:51:12 -0700, Jim Thompson
<To-Email-Use-The-Envelope-Icon@My-Web-Site.com> wrote:

On Wed, 28 May 2008 14:27:16 -0700, Joerg
notthisjoergsch@removethispacbell.net> wrote:

Jim Thompson wrote:
I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...


Ask someone at IPCC. They'll find every peak even if it ain't there :)

SCNR.


Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?

(Ideal elements)


Aside from math, can't you use a buffer with (near) zero Zout, an ideal
diode, a wee cap? Then when it's keyed off use a FET with 1 femto-ohm
Rdson to short out the cap.

Except that ideal diodes tend not to converge. I'm looking for some
mathematical method that is "smooth" ;-)

...Jim Thompson
Why not fudge a regular diode to be almost ideal, and put a gain of a
million in front?

LT Spice doesn't seem to have an ideal diode.

Hey, why not make an ideal diode from a voltage-controlled switch?

John
 
John Larkin wrote:

Aside from math, can't you use a buffer with (near) zero Zout, an ideal
diode, a wee cap? Then when it's keyed off use a FET with 1 femto-ohm
Rdson to short out the cap.
Except that ideal diodes tend not to converge. I'm looking for some
mathematical method that is "smooth" ;-)

...Jim Thompson

Why not fudge a regular diode to be almost ideal, and put a gain of a
million in front?
Well, that is the usual way that one makes an "ideal" diode in the real
world... put a real diode in the feedback path of an opamp and let the
negative feedback take care of the details.

-Chuck
 
"John Larkin" <jjlarkin@highNOTlandTHIStechnologyPART.com> schrieb im
Newsbeitrag news:i4ut34p29dbtpq1hatilv39cnkv625qp1b@4ax.com...
On Wed, 28 May 2008 14:51:12 -0700, Jim Thompson
To-Email-Use-The-Envelope-Icon@My-Web-Site.com> wrote:

On Wed, 28 May 2008 14:27:16 -0700, Joerg
notthisjoergsch@removethispacbell.net> wrote:

Jim Thompson wrote:
I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...


Ask someone at IPCC. They'll find every peak even if it ain't there :)

SCNR.


Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?

(Ideal elements)


Aside from math, can't you use a buffer with (near) zero Zout, an ideal
diode, a wee cap? Then when it's keyed off use a FET with 1 femto-ohm
Rdson to short out the cap.

Except that ideal diodes tend not to converge. I'm looking for some
mathematical method that is "smooth" ;-)

...Jim Thompson

Why not fudge a regular diode to be almost ideal, and put a gain of a
million in front?

LT Spice doesn't seem to have an ideal diode.
Hello John,

try this one in LTspice.

..model DID D(Vfwd=0 Ron=1m Roff=1G)


Best regards,
Helmut

Hey, why not make an ideal diode from a voltage-controlled switch?

John
 
On Wed, 28 May 2008 14:15:33 -0700, Jim Thompson
<To-Email-Use-The-Envelope-Icon@My-Web-Site.com> wrote:

I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...

Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?

(Ideal elements)

...Jim Thompson
!@#$%&*

Right under my nose... built-in macros ENVMAX and ENVMIN :-(

...Jim Thompson
--
| James E.Thompson, P.E. | mens |
| Analog Innovations, Inc. | et |
| Analog/Mixed-Signal ASIC's and Discrete Systems | manus |
| Phoenix, Arizona 85048 Skype: Contacts Only | |
| Voice:(480)460-2350 Fax: Available upon request | Brass Rat |
| E-mail Icon at http://www.analog-innovations.com | 1962 |

America: Land of the Free, Because of the Brave
 
On Fri, 30 May 2008 11:16:52 -0700, Jim Thompson
<To-Email-Use-The-Envelope-Icon@My-Web-Site.com> wrote:

On Wed, 28 May 2008 14:15:33 -0700, Jim Thompson
To-Email-Use-The-Envelope-Icon@My-Web-Site.com> wrote:

I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...

Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?

(Ideal elements)

...Jim Thompson

!@#$%&*

Right under my nose... built-in macros ENVMAX and ENVMIN :-(

...Jim Thompson
That may or may not be PSpice specific. I thought about it some.
Start with a "standard" track and hold, add a fast comparator to
convert to a peak and hold (two if you want both peaks). Add some
enable circuitry to handle any ADC converter setup and hold times and
data transfer as needed.. Did something like this about 20 years ago
for what was then Hughes EDSG. Location of the analog / digital
boundary is engineer choice.
 
On Sat, 31 May 2008 10:28:23 -0700, JosephKK <quiettechblue@yahoo.com>
wrote:

On Fri, 30 May 2008 11:16:52 -0700, Jim Thompson
To-Email-Use-The-Envelope-Icon@My-Web-Site.com> wrote:

On Wed, 28 May 2008 14:15:33 -0700, Jim Thompson
To-Email-Use-The-Envelope-Icon@My-Web-Site.com> wrote:

I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...

Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?

(Ideal elements)

...Jim Thompson

!@#$%&*

Right under my nose... built-in macros ENVMAX and ENVMIN :-(

...Jim Thompson

That may or may not be PSpice specific. I thought about it some.
Start with a "standard" track and hold, add a fast comparator to
convert to a peak and hold (two if you want both peaks). Add some
enable circuitry to handle any ADC converter setup and hold times and
data transfer as needed.. Did something like this about 20 years ago
for what was then Hughes EDSG. Location of the analog / digital
boundary is engineer choice.
I created an ideal diode with a TANH smoothness _ before_ I stumbled
onto the macro... produces the same results, but slower in simulation.

...Jim Thompson
--
| James E.Thompson, P.E. | mens |
| Analog Innovations, Inc. | et |
| Analog/Mixed-Signal ASIC's and Discrete Systems | manus |
| Phoenix, Arizona 85048 Skype: Contacts Only | |
| Voice:(480)460-2350 Fax: Available upon request | Brass Rat |
| E-mail Icon at http://www.analog-innovations.com | 1962 |

America: Land of the Free, Because of the Brave
 
On Sat, 31 May 2008 10:36:12 -0700, Jim Thompson
<To-Email-Use-The-Envelope-Icon@My-Web-Site.com> wrote:

On Sat, 31 May 2008 10:28:23 -0700, JosephKK <quiettechblue@yahoo.com
wrote:

On Fri, 30 May 2008 11:16:52 -0700, Jim Thompson
To-Email-Use-The-Envelope-Icon@My-Web-Site.com> wrote:

On Wed, 28 May 2008 14:15:33 -0700, Jim Thompson
To-Email-Use-The-Envelope-Icon@My-Web-Site.com> wrote:

I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...

Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?

(Ideal elements)

...Jim Thompson

!@#$%&*

Right under my nose... built-in macros ENVMAX and ENVMIN :-(

...Jim Thompson

That may or may not be PSpice specific. I thought about it some.
Start with a "standard" track and hold, add a fast comparator to
convert to a peak and hold (two if you want both peaks). Add some
enable circuitry to handle any ADC converter setup and hold times and
data transfer as needed.. Did something like this about 20 years ago
for what was then Hughes EDSG. Location of the analog / digital
boundary is engineer choice.


I created an ideal diode with a TANH smoothness _ before_ I stumbled
onto the macro... produces the same results, but slower in simulation.

...Jim Thompson
Maybe you could post example circuits on your website. Preferably
LTSpice circuits as well.
 
On Sun, 01 Jun 2008 12:47:08 -0700, JosephKK <quiettechblue@yahoo.com>
wrote:

On Sat, 31 May 2008 10:36:12 -0700, Jim Thompson
To-Email-Use-The-Envelope-Icon@My-Web-Site.com> wrote:

On Sat, 31 May 2008 10:28:23 -0700, JosephKK <quiettechblue@yahoo.com
wrote:

On Fri, 30 May 2008 11:16:52 -0700, Jim Thompson
To-Email-Use-The-Envelope-Icon@My-Web-Site.com> wrote:

On Wed, 28 May 2008 14:15:33 -0700, Jim Thompson
To-Email-Use-The-Envelope-Icon@My-Web-Site.com> wrote:

I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...

Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?

(Ideal elements)

...Jim Thompson

!@#$%&*

Right under my nose... built-in macros ENVMAX and ENVMIN :-(

...Jim Thompson

That may or may not be PSpice specific. I thought about it some.
Start with a "standard" track and hold, add a fast comparator to
convert to a peak and hold (two if you want both peaks). Add some
enable circuitry to handle any ADC converter setup and hold times and
data transfer as needed.. Did something like this about 20 years ago
for what was then Hughes EDSG. Location of the analog / digital
boundary is engineer choice.


I created an ideal diode with a TANH smoothness _ before_ I stumbled
onto the macro... produces the same results, but slower in simulation.

...Jim Thompson

Maybe you could post example circuits on your website. Preferably
LTSpice circuits as well.
I believe Mikey said that LTspice can read in PSpice schematics??

I'll post it later.

...Jim Thompson
--
| James E.Thompson, P.E. | mens |
| Analog Innovations, Inc. | et |
| Analog/Mixed-Signal ASIC's and Discrete Systems | manus |
| Phoenix, Arizona 85048 Skype: Contacts Only | |
| Voice:(480)460-2350 Fax: Available upon request | Brass Rat |
| E-mail Icon at http://www.analog-innovations.com | 1962 |

America: Land of the Free, Because of the Brave
 
On Sun, 01 Jun 2008 15:58:09 -0700, Jim Thompson
<To-Email-Use-The-Envelope-Icon@My-Web-Site.com> wrote:

On Sun, 01 Jun 2008 12:47:08 -0700, JosephKK <quiettechblue@yahoo.com
wrote:

On Sat, 31 May 2008 10:36:12 -0700, Jim Thompson
To-Email-Use-The-Envelope-Icon@My-Web-Site.com> wrote:

On Sat, 31 May 2008 10:28:23 -0700, JosephKK <quiettechblue@yahoo.com
wrote:

On Fri, 30 May 2008 11:16:52 -0700, Jim Thompson
To-Email-Use-The-Envelope-Icon@My-Web-Site.com> wrote:

On Wed, 28 May 2008 14:15:33 -0700, Jim Thompson
To-Email-Use-The-Envelope-Icon@My-Web-Site.com> wrote:

I want to build an ideal device for use in PSpice simulations, a Keyed
Peak Detector...

Finds the maximum peak value of an input voltage while it's enabled
("keyed"), and "dumps"/outputs zero when not enabled.

Any ideas?

(Ideal elements)

...Jim Thompson

!@#$%&*

Right under my nose... built-in macros ENVMAX and ENVMIN :-(

...Jim Thompson

That may or may not be PSpice specific. I thought about it some.
Start with a "standard" track and hold, add a fast comparator to
convert to a peak and hold (two if you want both peaks). Add some
enable circuitry to handle any ADC converter setup and hold times and
data transfer as needed.. Did something like this about 20 years ago
for what was then Hughes EDSG. Location of the analog / digital
boundary is engineer choice.


I created an ideal diode with a TANH smoothness _ before_ I stumbled
onto the macro... produces the same results, but slower in simulation.

...Jim Thompson

Maybe you could post example circuits on your website. Preferably
LTSpice circuits as well.


I believe Mikey said that LTspice can read in PSpice schematics??

I'll post it later.

...Jim Thompson
Posted at...

Newsgroups: alt.binaries.schematics.electronic
Subject: For sci.electronics.cad Question - PeakDetAndDump.pdf
Message-ID: <q26844tqefe4c3qv6i0ntogpbi0f0ujugs@4ax.com>

Took awhile. We had one of those "events" last night. Wife got an
enormous nosebleed. Finally convinced her we needed to take her to an
Urgent Care provider. Cauterization didn't work, so they inserted a
balloon-like inflatable device (they called it a "rocket" :) up her
nose, and we went back 3.5 hours later and they removed it... bleeding
stopped.

...Jim Thompson
--
| James E.Thompson, P.E. | mens |
| Analog Innovations, Inc. | et |
| Analog/Mixed-Signal ASIC's and Discrete Systems | manus |
| Phoenix, Arizona 85048 Skype: Contacts Only | |
| Voice:(480)460-2350 Fax: Available upon request | Brass Rat |
| E-mail Icon at http://www.analog-innovations.com | 1962 |

America: Land of the Free, Because of the Brave
 

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