Full wave rectified source for DC motor...

[Bob Engelhardt]

I need a sanity check - I think I understand, but there\'s doubt.

If I rectify AC with a bridge and use the full-wave output to power a DC
motor, it\'s not the same as using \"pure\" DC. There is an AC component
to the full wave. (The motor is a brushed PM if it matters.)

If I take the Fourier series of the 1/2-sinusoid and consider each
component separately & then superimpose them, I should get the behavior
of the motor on the full-wave source. The Fourier series consists of a
DC component and the even harmonics of 120Hz. The DC will simply drive
the motor as would a battery. The AC, however, will not have a net
affect on motor\'s output: for its positive 1/2 cycle it will contribute
to the output and on the negative 1/2 it will oppose it. So the
superimposed result is that the useful motor output is due to the DC
component only and the AC components only produce a modulation (240,
480, ... Hz \"buzz\") on the output.

I long ago lost any ability to do the Fourier calculation, but somewhere
on the web (source lost), I found that the DC component (a0) is 88% of
the RMS AC input to the bridge. (If it\'s not too much trouble, could
someone confirm this?)

Now here\'s the problem: reality contradicts theory (I hate when that
happens!). The theory is that if I apply 20v AC, for example, to a
bridge & use the output to drive a DC motor, that motor will run at 88%
of the speed which it would if it was driven a regulated DC source of
20v. (DC motor speed is linearly proportional to voltage.)

In a test, it doesn\'t - it actually runs faster on the rectified AC than
on DC!!! That\'s impossible! What\'s wrong - my understanding of the
theory, or my test? Or both? Or ...?

Thanks, Bob

 

[Phil Allison]

Bob Engelhardt wrote:

I need a sanity check - I think I understand, but there\'s doubt.

If I rectify AC with a bridge and use the full-wave output to power a DC
motor, it\'s not the same as using \"pure\" DC. There is an AC component
to the full wave. (The motor is a brushed PM if it matters.)

If I take the Fourier series of the 1/2-sinusoid and consider each
component separately & then superimpose them, I should get the behavior
of the motor on the full-wave source. The Fourier series consists of a
DC component and the even harmonics of 120Hz. The DC will simply drive
the motor as would a battery. The AC, however, will not have a net
affect on motor\'s output: for its positive 1/2 cycle it will contribute
to the output and on the negative 1/2 it will oppose it. So the
superimposed result is that the useful motor output is due to the DC
component only and the AC components only produce a modulation (240,
480, ... Hz \"buzz\") on the output.

I long ago lost any ability to do the Fourier calculation, but somewhere
on the web (source lost), I found that the DC component (a0) is 88% of
the RMS AC input to the bridge. (If it\'s not too much trouble, could
someone confirm this?)

Now here\'s the problem: reality contradicts theory (I hate when that
happens!). The theory is that if I apply 20v AC, for example, to a
bridge & use the output to drive a DC motor, that motor will run at 88%
of the speed which it would if it was driven a regulated DC source of
20v. (DC motor speed is linearly proportional to voltage.)

In a test, it doesn\'t - it actually runs faster on the rectified AC than
on DC!!! That\'s impossible! What\'s wrong - my understanding of the
theory, or my test? Or both? Or ...?

** DC motor speed *approximately* follows the average value of the input voltage, not the RMS.

For 20VAC, this is 0.637 times the peak or 18.0V minus diode losses, so about 16.5V

I suspect your test is flawed.


...... Phil

 

[Jasen Betts]

On 2021-01-06, Bob Engelhardt <BobEngelhardt@comcast.net> wrote:

I need a sanity check - I think I understand, but there\'s doubt.

If I rectify AC with a bridge and use the full-wave output to power a DC
motor, it\'s not the same as using \"pure\" DC. There is an AC component
to the full wave. (The motor is a brushed PM if it matters.)

If I take the Fourier series of the 1/2-sinusoid and consider each
component separately & then superimpose them, I should get the behavior
of the motor on the full-wave source. The Fourier series consists of a
DC component and the even harmonics of 120Hz. The DC will simply drive
the motor as would a battery. The AC, however, will not have a net
affect on motor\'s output: for its positive 1/2 cycle it will contribute
to the output and on the negative 1/2 it will oppose it. So the
superimposed result is that the useful motor output is due to the DC
component only and the AC components only produce a modulation (240,
480, ... Hz \"buzz\") on the output.

I long ago lost any ability to do the Fourier calculation, but somewhere
on the web (source lost), I found that the DC component (a0) is 88% of
the RMS AC input to the bridge. (If it\'s not too much trouble, could
someone confirm this?)

Now here\'s the problem: reality contradicts theory (I hate when that
happens!). The theory is that if I apply 20v AC, for example, to a
bridge & use the output to drive a DC motor, that motor will run at 88%
of the speed which it would if it was driven a regulated DC source of
20v. (DC motor speed is linearly proportional to voltage.)

In a test, it doesn\'t - it actually runs faster on the rectified AC than
on DC!!! That\'s impossible! What\'s wrong - my understanding of the
theory, or my test? Or both? Or ...?

When the unfiltered rectified AC voltage is lower than the motor back-emf no current
flows through the rectifier, therefore there is no electrical drag
during that part of the AC cycle, so the motor is only slowed by
magnetic ans mechanical losses during that time.

Motors are like capacitors, so it\'s unsuprising that you effectively
get more voltage than the RMS of the AC after rectification.

Try addign a load parallel with the motor. and same load parallel with
the rectifier input: see the difference.

--
Jasen.

 

[Phil Allison]

Phil Allison wrote:
================

Bob Engelhardt wrote:

** DC motor speed *approximately* follows the average value of the input voltage, not the RMS.

For 20VAC, this is 0.637 times the peak or 18.0V minus diode losses, so about 16.5V

I suspect your test is flawed.

** Update:

I did a test with a 12V, 5 pole motor with regulated DC and raw rectified AC.

For the same average DC value, there was no change in motor speed.

As Jason posted, the motor acts much like a filter electro - boosting the *average* DC value to near the AC peak value.


...... Phil

 

[Bob Engelhardt]

On 1/6/2021 4:15 PM, Jasen Betts wrote:

When the unfiltered rectified AC voltage is lower than the motor back-emf no current
flows through the rectifier, therefore there is no electrical drag
during that part of the AC cycle, so the motor is only slowed by
magnetic ans mechanical losses during that time.

Motors are like capacitors, so it\'s unsuprising that you effectively
get more voltage than the RMS of the AC after rectification.

Try addign a load parallel with the motor. and same load parallel with
the rectifier input: see the difference.

Thanks Jasen, that makes sense. And just to confirm it, here\'s the
current through the motor:
https://imgur.com/vunNd8Q

It is off for about 40% of the cycle. Which means that the motor is
coasting during that time. And you could say that the motor is being
driven by 60% duty cycle pulses.

 

[Bob Engelhardt]

On 1/6/2021 2:53 PM, Phil Allison wrote:

Bob Engelhardt wrote:
[snip]
I long ago lost any ability to do the Fourier calculation, but somewhere
on the web (source lost), I found that the DC component (a0) is 88% of
the RMS AC input to the bridge. [snip]

** DC motor speed *approximately* follows the average value of the input voltage, not the RMS.

For 20VAC, this is 0.637 times the peak or 18.0V minus diode losses, so about 16.5V

I suspect your test is flawed.

We\'re actually saying the same thing: my 88% of RMS is .88 x .707 x peak
which is 0.622 of peak (OK, it would be 90% of RMS to be 0.637).

And \"average value\" is just what the DC component of the Fourier series is.

 

[Bob Engelhardt]

The flaw in my analysis was using superposition when it didn\'t apply.
Or using it without considering the back emf as one of the elements to
be superimposed. I don\'t know how I would do that, but I\'m sure that
it\'s possible.